Which of the following is NOT a milestone typically expected at 1 year of age?

Using 2 words that are meaningful

What does the term 'Total Communication' refer to in the context of deaf education?

Using all available communication methods to educate a deaf child.

Utilizing various communication methods for advertising purposes.

Employing multiple communication methods for educational purposes in schools.

Engaging various communication methods for community involvement.

A 9-year-old child is found to be restless. He is hyperactive, and his teacher complains that he does not listen to teaching in the class, disturbs other students, and also shows less interest in playing. The likely diagnosis is:

Attention deficit hyperkinetic child

A 10-year-old child presents with persistent restlessness, inattentiveness to studies, and a strong preference for outdoor play. The parents are highly concerned. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

Comprehensive evaluation by a qualified professional

It is a serious illness requiring medical treatment

Normal Child Development for INI-CET: High-Yield Psychiatry Lessons

Normal Child Development - Dev Foundations

Core Domains:
- Gross Motor (e.g., sitting, walking)
- Fine Motor (e.g., pincer grasp)
- Language (Receptive & Expressive)
- Social-Emotional (e.g., attachment, play)
- Cognitive (e.g., problem-solving)
Key Principles of Growth & Development:
- Cephalocaudal: Head → Tail (e.g., head control before trunk)
- Proximodistal: Center → Periphery (e.g., shoulder control before hand)
- Orderly & sequential, but individual rate varies.
- Differentiation: Simple → Complex skills.
Influencing Factors:
- Genetic predisposition (Nature)
- Environmental influences (Nurture): Nutrition, stimulation, infections, toxins, family, culture, socioeconomic status.

⭐ The first 1000 days (conception to age 2) are critical for brain development and lifelong health, highly sensitive to nutrition and environment.

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Development

Normal Child Development - Little Steps

Principles: Cephalocaudal, Proximodistal. Developmental Quotient (DQ) = (Developmental Age / Chronological Age) x 100; Normal DQ: >85.

Age	Gross Motor	Fine Motor	Social/Language
2m	Lifts head 45° (prone)	Tracks past midline	Social smile, Coos
4m	Head steady, Rolls over	Reaches for objects	Laughs aloud
6m	Sits with support	Transfers objects	Babbles, Stranger anxiety starts
9m	Pulls to stand, Crawls	Immature pincer grasp	Mama/Dada (non-specific), Waves bye
1yr	Walks alone/few steps	Mature pincer, Tower-2	1-3 words, Follows 1-step command
18m	Runs, Climbs stairs	Tower-3/4, Scribbles	10-20 words, Points body parts
2yr	Kicks ball, Jumps	Tower-6/7, Copies line	2-3 word sentences, Parallel play
3yr	Rides tricycle, Stairs (alt)	Copies circle, Tower-8/9	Knows name/age/gender, Group play

⭐ Stranger anxiety typically begins around 6-8 months and peaks at 12-15 months.

📌 Mnemonic (Social Smile): "Two"th month for a social smile (2 months).

Normal Child Development - Mind & Mouth

Cognitive Development (Piaget) 📌 Smart People Can't Fail

Stage	Age (yrs)	Key Features
Sensorimotor	0-2	Object permanence, stranger anxiety
Preoperational	2-7	Egocentrism, centration, magical thinking
Concrete Operational	7-11	Conservation, reversibility, logical thought
Formal Operational	11+	Abstract thought, hypothetical reasoning

Language Milestones

Social smile: 2 mo; Cooing: 3 mo
Monosyllabic babble: 6 mo; Polysyllabic: 9 mo
First word (specific): 10-12 mo
10-20 words: 18 mo
2-word sentences: 18-24 mo ("Me go")
250-300 words, 3-word sentences: 3 yrs
Tells stories, understands grammar: 4-5 yrs

Child Development Milestones: First 5 Years

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages:

Age Range	Stage	Virtue
0-1.5y	Trust vs. Mistrust	Hope
1.5-3y	Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt	Will
3-5y	Initiative vs. Guilt	Purpose
5-12y	Industry vs. Inferiority	Competency
12-18y	Identity vs. Role Confusion	Fidelity

Secure: Explores, distress on separation, comforted on return.
Insecure-Avoidant: Ignores caregiver, little distress.
Insecure-Resistant: Clingy, high distress, ambivalent on return.
Disorganized: Contradictory, dazed.

Play Development (Parten):

Solitary (Infant): Alone.
Parallel (2.5-3.5y): Alongside, not together.
Associative (3.5-4.5y): Together, no goal.
Cooperative (4.5y+): Together, shared goal.

⭐ Stranger anxiety (peaks 8-10 months) & separation anxiety (peaks 12-18 months) are normal developmental milestones.

Kohlberg's Moral Development:

Pre-conventional: Punishment/Reward.
Conventional: Social approval, Law & Order.
Post-conventional: Social contract, Universal ethics.

Piaget's Cognitive and Parten's Social Stages of Play

High‑Yield Points - ⚡ Biggest Takeaways

Social smile emerges at 2-3 months; stranger anxiety at 6-8 months.

Object permanence (Piaget) develops by 8-12 months.

First words around 10-12 months; two-word sentences by 18-24 months.

Parallel play is typical for toddlers (2-3 years).

Gender identity is usually established by age 3-4 years.

Theory of Mind (understanding others' mental states) develops around 4-5 years.

Erikson's stages: Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy), Autonomy vs. Shame (toddler).

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