Non-communicable Diseases Globally

Non-communicable Diseases Globally - Silent Epidemic

• NCDs: Chronic, non-infectious, non-transmissible diseases; long duration, slow progression.
• Major types: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), diabetes.
• Global Impact: Leading cause of death & disability; ~74% of global deaths.
• Indian Burden: Significant & ↑ing; >60% of deaths. A major public health challenge.
• "Silent Epidemic": Gradual onset, often asymptomatic until advanced stages, leading to delayed diagnosis.

  ⭐ Four major NCDs - cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes - account for ~80% of all premature NCD deaths. oka

Non-communicable Diseases Globally - The Big Four

• Cause ~74% of global deaths (41 million annually).
• 1. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs):
  • Leading NCD killer (17.9M deaths).
  • Types: Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), Stroke.
  • Risks: Hypertension, ↑lipids, smoking, diabetes.
• 2. Cancers:
  • Second NCD killer (9.3M deaths).
  • Types: Lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, stomach.
  • Risks: Tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, infections.
• 3. Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs):
  • E.g., COPD, Asthma. Cause 4.1M deaths.
  • Risks: Tobacco smoke, air pollution, occupational dusts.
• 4. Diabetes Mellitus:
  • Type 2 most common. Causes 2.0M deaths (incl. related kidney disease).
  • Risks: Obesity, poor diet, inactivity, genetics.
  • Complications: CVD, nephropathy, retinopathy.

⭐ Over 80% of premature NCD deaths (ages 30-69) occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Non-communicable Diseases Globally - Culprit Lineup

• Major Modifiable Behavioural Risk Factors:
  • Tobacco Use: Leading preventable NCD death cause.
  • Unhealthy Diet: ↑salt, ↑sugar, ↑trans-fats; ↓fruits/vegetables.
  • Physical Inactivity: < 150 mins moderate or 75 mins vigorous activity/week.
  • Harmful Alcohol Use: Dose-dependent risk.
• Key Metabolic Risk Factors (Intermediate):
  • Hypertension (↑BP)
  • Obesity (↑BMI)
  • Hyperglycemia (↑Blood Glucose)
  • Hyperlipidemia (↑Cholesterol)
• Other Modifiable Risk Factors:
  • Air pollution (indoor/outdoor)
• Non-Modifiable Risk Factors:
  • Ageing, Genetics, Ethnicity.

⭐ The "25x25" WHO target aims for a 25% relative reduction in premature mortality from NCDs by 2025, focusing on these risk factors.

Non-communicable Diseases Globally - Global & India Fights

• Global Commitments:
  • WHO Global NCD Action Plan (2013-2030):
    • Aims for 25% relative reduction in premature NCD mortality by 2025 (📌 "25x25" target).
    • Includes 9 voluntary global targets & 25 indicators.
  • UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
    • SDG Target 3.4: By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality from NCDs through prevention, treatment, and promoting mental health.
• India's Multi-pronged Strategy:
  • National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS):
    • Focus: Health promotion, opportunistic screening, early diagnosis, access to affordable treatment, rehabilitation.
    • Strengthening infrastructure & human resources.
  • Ayushman Bharat - Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs):
    • Comprehensive Primary Health Care including NCD screening (hypertension, diabetes, oral, breast, cervical cancers) and management.
  • Other Key Initiatives:
    • FSSAI's Eat Right India movement, trans-fat elimination.
    • National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP).
    • Fit India Movement.

⭐ India's NPCDCS program is a cornerstone for achieving national NCD targets, including a 25% relative reduction in premature mortality by 2025.

High‑Yield Points - ⚡ Biggest Takeaways

• NCDs (CVDs, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases) are leading global death causes.
• Major modifiable risk factors: Tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, harmful alcohol use.
• WHO "Best Buys" are cost-effective interventions for NCD prevention and control.
• Global NCD target: 25% relative reduction in premature NCD mortality by 2025 (25x25).
• India has a significant NCD burden, a major public health challenge.
• SDG Target 3.4: Reduce premature NCD mortality by one-third by 2030.
• NPCDCS is India's national program tackling major NCDs.