Respiratory — Flashcards

Flashcard 231: The additional volume that can be inspired above tidal volume is the _____

Answer: inspiratory reserve volume

Flashcard 232: The additional volume that can be expired below tidal volume is the _____

Answer: expiratory reserve volume

Flashcard 233: Which leukotrienes mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability? _____

Answer: Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4

Flashcard 234: Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by a(n) _____ residual volume and functional residual capacity

Answer: increased

Flashcard 235: What is the effect of decreased gas density (e.g. helium inhalation) on airway resistance? _____

Answer: Decreased resistance

Extra: Helium inhalation (Heliox) is used to decrease airway resistance because helium has a much lower **density** than nitrogen (the main component of room air). In conditions where airflow is **turbulent** (like upper airway obstruction), resistance is proportional to gas density. Note: In **laminar flow**, resistance is proportional to gas **viscosity** (Poiseuille's law). Helium actually has a slightly higher viscosity than air, so its clinical benefit is entirely due to its low density.

Flashcard 236: What flow volume pattern would alveolar hyaline membranes (ARDS) cause?_____

Answer: Restrictive

Flashcard 237: What is the effect of high lung volumes on airway resistance? _____

Answer: Decreased resistance

Flashcard 238: Stage _____ of non-REM sleep is described as deeper sleep

Answer: N2

Flashcard 239: _____ motor neurons (alpha or gamma) make muscle spindles more sensitive to stretch

Answer: Gamma

Flashcard 240: _____ are secretory organelles found in type II pneumocytes that release surfactant

Answer: Lamellar bodies