Insulin secretion and action — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Why is oral glucose a more powerful stimulant of insulin secretion than IV glucose? _____

Answer: Oral glucose stimulates secretion of GIP and GLP-1

Flashcard 2: _____ is the major regulator of insulin release

Answer: Glucose

Flashcard 3: Increased intracellular Ca2+ in the pancreatic beta-cell causes _____ of insulin-containing granules

Answer: exocytosis

Flashcard 4: What are the three locations that insulin acts on? _____

Answer: Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue

Flashcard 5: How does insulin cause K+ to shift into cells?_____

Answer: Increased Na+-K+ ATPase

Flashcard 6: What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin and glucagon secretion?_____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 7: What is the effect of the FGF gene?

Answer: stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, lengthening of limbs

Flashcard 8: What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?

Answer: Neural crest cells

Extra: The adrenal medulla is essentially a modified sympathetic ganglion. While the medulla is derived from the neural crest (ectoderm), the adrenal cortex is derived from the mesoderm.

Flashcard 9: Identify the structure labeled '10' in the provided image of the spinal cord (Endocrine/Autonomic context).

Answer: Intermediate horn (Sympathetics) :: number 10 in the diagram

Flashcard 10: Effect of a lesion to the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

Answer: Reduced wakefulness and arousability (e.g., coma)