Adrenal medulla and catecholamines — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Which endocrine hormones use receptor-associated tyrosine kinases as their signaling pathway (4 + 2 bonus)?

Answer: 1. Prolactin, 2. Growth hormone, 3. Erythropoietin, 4. Leptin. Bonus: Cytokines (Interferons, Interleukins) and Thrombopoietin.

Flashcard 2: The adrenal medulla is the main physiologic source of _____

Answer: catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Flashcard 3: Activation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors results in _____ cardiac output

Answer: increased

Flashcard 4: Through which secondary messenger(s) does ACTH exert its actions on the adrenal cortex?_____

Answer: cAMP

Flashcard 5: The somatic nervous system utilizes _____ as its neurotransmitter

Answer: acetylcholine

Flashcard 6: Are headaches caused by irritation of dura, cranial nerves, and extracranial structures? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 7: What is the effect of the FGF gene?

Answer: stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, lengthening of limbs

Flashcard 8: What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?

Answer: Neural crest cells

Extra: The adrenal medulla is essentially a modified sympathetic ganglion. While the medulla is derived from the neural crest (ectoderm), the adrenal cortex is derived from the mesoderm.

Flashcard 9: Identify the structure labeled '10' in the provided image of the spinal cord (Endocrine/Autonomic context).

Answer: Intermediate horn (Sympathetics) :: number 10 in the diagram

Flashcard 10: Effect of a lesion to the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

Answer: Reduced wakefulness and arousability (e.g., coma)