Cardiac cycle — Flashcards
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Where in the heart is conduction velocity the slowest? _____
During rapid ventricular ejection, the ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure and the _____ valve opens
Inspiration delays closure of the _____ valve which causes splitting of the S2 heart sound
What phase of the cardiac cycle begins during the QRS complex on ECG? _____
Hint: specific
Parasympathetic stimulation decreases atrial contractility via _____ receptors
What type of calcium channels exist in the SA node? _____
Hint: 2
The _____ valve closes slightly before the _____ valve, thus heart sound S1 may be split
What is the approximate normal pressure in the left ventricle (systolic and diastolic)? _____
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the period of highest O2 consumption? _____
In muscle contraction, after the muscle cell is depolarized, the action potential travels down the _____ and to the dihydropyridine receptor
Cardiac cycle US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Cardiac cycle with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Cardiac cycle Flashcard Deck - 142 Cards
Flashcard 1: Where in the heart is conduction velocity the slowest? _____
Answer: AV node
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: During rapid ventricular ejection, the ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure and the _____ valve opens
Answer: aortic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: Inspiration delays closure of the _____ valve which causes splitting of the S2 heart sound
Answer: pulmonic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: What phase of the cardiac cycle begins during the QRS complex on ECG? _____
Answer: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: Parasympathetic stimulation decreases atrial contractility via _____ receptors
Answer: M2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: What type of calcium channels exist in the SA node? _____
Answer: L-type (primary) and T-type
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: The _____ valve closes slightly before the _____ valve, thus heart sound S1 may be split
Answer: mitral
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: What is the approximate normal pressure in the left ventricle (systolic and diastolic)? _____
Answer: 130/10 mmHg
Extra: Heuristic: ventricle diastolic pressure ~ its atrial pressure https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the period of highest O2 consumption? _____
Answer: Isovolumetric contraction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: In muscle contraction, after the muscle cell is depolarized, the action potential travels down the _____ and to the dihydropyridine receptor
Answer: T-tubule
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Phase _____ of the myocardial action potential is characterized by a return to resting membrane potential
Answer: 4
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: In what demographics may the heart sound S3 be normal? _____
Answer: Children, young adults, pregnant women, athletes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: Isovolumetric _____ corresponds to the end of the T wave on ECG
Answer: relaxation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: What part of a myocardial cell is the site of storage and release of Ca2+ for excitation-contraction coupling? _____
Answer: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 15: The increase in atrial pressure caused by atrial systole appears on the venous pulse curve as the _____ wave
Answer: a
Extra: The 'a' wave appears as contraction of the right atrium because the jugular venous pulse is measured on the venous side - this distinction comes into play for right vs left sided AV valve problems. Notice how the 'a' wave hight is a little higher than the 'v' wave height How the 'a' wave changes based on different pathologies. Mainly focus on Tricuspid regurgitation & stenosis, and Atrial fibrillation: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: Atrial _____ is preceded by the P wave on ECG, which marks depolarization of the atria
Answer: systole
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: The x descent on jugular venous pulse corresponds to _____
Answer: atrial relaxation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki increased JVP without inspiratory decline is known as Kussmaul's sign; may also have prominent x & y descents on jugular venous pulse tracings and a pericardial knock (mid-diastolic sound) on PE
Flashcard 18: Phase _____ of the SA node action potential is characterized by repolarization
Answer: 3
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Action potentials in the heart are usually initiated in the _____, which serves as the pacemaker
Answer: SA node
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: _____, or diastasis, is the longest phase of the cardiac cycle
Answer: Reduced ventricular filling
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: During rapid ventricular filling, the left ventricular pressure becomes less than the left atrial pressure and the _____ valve opens
Answer: mitral
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: During systole, is there relatively constant blood flow in the left ventricle's coronary arteries? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: After myosin binds a new ATP molecule in muscle contraction, hydrolysis of the new ATP molecule to ADP allows the myosin head to adopt a(n) _____ position, ready for a new contraction cycle
Answer: high-energy, "cocked"
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: The effects of the autonomic nervous system on conduction velocity are called _____ effects
Answer: dromotropic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: Phase 4 of the SA node action potential is characterized by _____
Answer: slow depolarization
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: Phase 1 of the myocardial action potential is caused by inactivation of voltage-gated _____ channels and opening of voltage-gated _____ channels
Answer: Na+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: When the left ventricle contracts, the left ventricular pressure becomes greater than left atrial pressure and the _____ valve closes
Answer: mitral
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: The heart sound S1 is due to _____ and _____ valve closure
Answer: mitral
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: _____ is the second phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period between aortic valve opening and closing
Answer: Ventricular (systolic) ejection
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: _____ is the third phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period between aortic valve closing and mitral valve opening
Answer: Isovolumetric relaxation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: The onset of reduced ventricular ejection corresponds with the onset of the _____ wave on ECG
Answer: T
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: The a wave on jugular venous pulse corresponds to _____
Answer: atrial contraction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki increased JVP without inspiratory decline is known as Kussmaul's sign; may also have prominent x & y descents on jugular venous pulse tracings and a pericardial knock (mid-diastolic sound) on PE
Flashcard 33: Which phase in the SA node accounts for its pacemaker activity and automaticity? _____
Answer: Phase 4 (slow depolarization)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: What phases of the myocardial action potential are not present in an SA node action potential? _____
Answer: Phase 1 & 2 (initial repolarization & plateau)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: _____ are low-resistance paths between cardiac cells that allow for rapid electrical spread of action potentials
Answer: Gap junctions
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/muscles?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 36: Cardiac tamponade leads to equilibration of _____ pressures in all 4 chambers
Answer: diastolic
Extra: Watch Pericarditis & Constrictive Pericarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-pericarditis-and-constrictive-pericarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pericardial-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: During isovolumetric relaxation, the ventricular pressure becomes less than aortic pressure and the _____ valve closes
Answer: aortic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: The abnormal heart sound _____ may be audible during rapid ventricular filling (early diastole)
Answer: S3
Extra: Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Phase 2 of the myocardial action potential (plateau) is caused by a balance of _____ efflux and _____ influx through voltage-gated channels
Answer: K+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: Which phase of the cell cycle are secondary oocytes arrested in until fertilization? _____
Answer: Metaphase II (of meiosis II)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: What effect does tachycardia have on the "click" onset time of the MVP murmur? _____
Answer: Earlier systolic click (closer to S1)
Extra: Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: Which phase of the cardiac cycle (systole or diastole) is preferentially shortened with increased heart rate? _____
Answer: Diastole
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: Slowed conduction through the AV node normally causes a(n) _____-msec delay, allowing time for ventricular filling
Answer: 100
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Phase _____ of the myocardial action potential is characterized by rapid repolarization
Answer: 3
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: Which phase of the cell cycle are primary oocytes arrested in until ovulation? _____
Answer: Prophase I (of meiosis I)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: What is the effect of M2 muscarinic agonists on conduction velocity? _____
Answer: Decreased CV (AV node)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Cholinomimetics) Watch Cholinomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-parasympathetic-cholinomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: From the Bundle of His, the myocardial action potential enters the _____ and ultimately the ventricles
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: A positive inotropic agent causes the cardiac output to _____ and right atrial pressure to _____
Answer: increase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: The abnormal heart sound _____ may be audible during atrial systole (late ventricular diastole)
Answer: S4
Extra: * due to increased pressure; atrial gallop sound before S1; Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: How does atrial pressure change during rapid ventricular filling? _____
Answer: Decrease
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: The rate of phase _____ in the SA node action potential cycle determines heart rate
Answer: 4
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: During the plateau of a myocardial action potential, Ca2+ enters the cell through _____ receptors (L-type Ca2+ channels)
Answer: dihydropyridine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 53: The heart sound _____ may be audible during isovolumetric relaxation
Answer: S2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: The "blip" in the arterial pressure curve, called the _____, is produced when the aortic valve closes
Answer: dicrotic notch
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Cardiac contractility correlates directly with intracellular _____ concentration
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: A murmur due to patent ductus arteriosus is loudest at which heart sound? _____
Answer: S2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/acyanotic-congenital-heart-defects?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: How does the rate of upstroke in a SA node action potential compare to that of a myocardial action potential? _____
Answer: SA node is slower
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Conduction velocity through the AV node is _____ than in the other cardiac tissues
Answer: slower
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: M2 muscarinic receptors are found in the _____, SA node, and AV node of the heart
Answer: atria
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Cholinomimetics) https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: The equation _____ may be used to calculate ejection fraction
Answer: ejection fraction = SV/EDV
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: Activation of β1 receptors in the SA node produces an increase in _____ channel activity, which increases the rate of phase 4 depolarization and thus heart rate
Answer: If
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: Phase 0 of the SA node action potential is caused by opening of voltage-gated _____ channels
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: The width of a pressure-volume loop is the _____
Answer: stroke volume
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-volume-loops?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Patients with severe aortic stenosis depend upon _____ for maintenance of preload
Answer: atrial contraction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: Action potentials spread from the SA node to the _____ node and right/left _____, simultaneously
Answer: AV
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: Activation of M2 receptors in the SA node produces a decrease in _____ channel activity, which decreases the rate of phase 4 depolarization and thus heart rate
Answer: If
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: What three cell types are considered latent pacemakers? _____
Answer: Cells of the AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: Increased right atrial pressure, due to filling against a closed tricuspid valve, appears as the _____ wave on the venous pulse curve
Answer: v
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: _____ pressure is the highest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
Answer: Systolic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: Physiologic gynecomastia may occur in _____, _____, and _____ males
Answer: newborn
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: An _____ snap in mitral stenosis signifies more severe disease
Answer: earlier
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: Jugular Venous Pulses: tall A wave and tall V wave is seen in _____
Answer: pulmonary hypertension
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: _____ is the second phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period between aortic valve opening and closing
Answer: Ventricular (systolic) ejection
Flashcard 74: _____ is the fifth phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period just before mitral valve closing
Answer: Reduced filling
Flashcard 75: During systole, is there relatively constant blood flow in the left ventricle's coronary arteries?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 76: In what demographics may the heart sound S3 be normal?_____
Answer: Children, young adults, pregnant women, athletes (4 options)
Flashcard 77: After myosin binds a new ATP molecule in muscle contraction, hydrolysis of the new ATP molecule to ADP allows the myosin head to adopt a _____ position, ready for a new contraction cycle.
Answer: high-energy, "cocked"
Flashcard 78: During rapid ventricular filling, the right atrium empties into the right ventricle, which appears as the _____ descent on the venous pulse curve
Answer: y
Flashcard 79: The _____ refractory period refers to the period in which no action potential can be initiated
Answer: absolute
Flashcard 80: What effect does decreased heart rate have on cardiac contractility?_____
Answer: Decreased contractility
Flashcard 81: The c wave on jugular venous pulse corresponds to _____
Answer: right ventricle contraction
Flashcard 82: During rapid ventricular ejection, the ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure and the _____ valve opens
Answer: aortic
Flashcard 83: _____ is the third phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period between aortic valve closing and mitral valve opening
Answer: Isovolumetric relaxation
Flashcard 84: In paradoxical splitting, the split sound is "paradoxically" eliminated with _____
Answer: inspiration
Flashcard 85: The "blip" in the arterial pressure curve, called the _____, is produced when the aortic valve closes
Answer: dicrotic notch
Flashcard 86: During right ventricular contraction, the tricuspid valve bulges into the right atrium, which appears as the _____ wave on the venous pulse curve
Answer: c
Flashcard 87: How does ventricular volume change during rapid ventricular ejection?_____
Answer: Dramatic decrease
Flashcard 88: Increased right atrial pressure, due to filling against a closed tricuspid valve, appears as the _____ wave on the venous pulse curve
Answer: v
Flashcard 89: Primary oocytes are arrested in prophase I of meiosis I for years until _____
Answer: ovulation
Flashcard 90: During the plateau of a myocardial action potential, Ca2+ enters the cell through _____ receptors (L-type Ca2+ channels)
Answer: dihydropyridine
Flashcard 91: The x descent on jugular venous pulse corresponds to _____
Answer: atrial relaxation
Flashcard 92: Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the period of highest O2 consumption? _____
Answer: Isovolumetric contraction
Flashcard 93: How does atrial pressure change during rapid ventricular filling?_____
Answer: Decrease
Flashcard 94: During atrial relaxation, the tricuspid valve returns to its downward position, which appears as the _____ descent on the venous pulse curve
Answer: x
Flashcard 95: What phase of the cardiac cycle is most affected by changes in heart rate?_____
Answer: Reduced ventricular filling (diastasis)
Flashcard 96: Secondary oocytes are arrested in metaphase II of meiosis II until _____
Answer: fertilization
Flashcard 97: During rapid ventricular filling, the left ventricular pressure becomes less than the left atrial pressure and the _____ valve opens
Answer: mitral
Flashcard 98: Which stage of sleep do penile and clitoral tumescence occur? _____
Answer: REM sleep
Flashcard 99: Cardiac contractility correlates directly with intracellular _____ concentration
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 100: Which phase of the cell cycle are primary oocytes arrested in until ovulation?_____
Answer: Prophase I (of meiosis I)
Flashcard 101: Which phase of the cardiac cycle (systole or diastole) is preferentially shortened with increased heart rate? _____
Answer: Diastole
Flashcard 102: The a wave on jugular venous pulse corresponds to _____
Answer: atrial contraction
Flashcard 103: The v wave on jugular venous pulse corresponds to _____
Answer: right atrial filling
Flashcard 104: Activation of M2 receptors in the SA node produces a decrease in _____ channel activity, which decreases the rate of phase 4 depolarization and thus heart rate
Answer: If
Flashcard 105: The abnormal heart sound _____ may be audible during rapid ventricular filling (early diastole)
Answer: S3
Flashcard 106: How does the rate of upstroke in a SA node action potential compare to that of a myocardial action potential?_____
Answer: SA node is slower
Flashcard 107: Coronary blood flow peaks in early _____ (systole/diastole)
Answer: diastole
Flashcard 108: _____ are low-resistance paths between cardiac cells that allow for rapid electrical spread of action potentials
Answer: Gap junctions
Flashcard 109: In _____ splitting, the P2 sound occurs before a delayed A2 sound
Answer: paradoxical
Flashcard 110: During systole, is there relatively constant blood flow to the right ventricular myocardium?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 111: The abnormal heart sound _____ may be audible during atrial systole (late ventricular diastole)
Answer: S4
Flashcard 112: The equation _____ may be used to calculate ejection fraction
Answer: ejection fraction = SV/EDV
Flashcard 113: _____ is the first phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period between mitral valve closing and aortic valve opening
Answer: Isovolumetric contraction
Flashcard 114: Phase 0 of the myocardial action potential is caused by opening of voltage-gated _____ channels
Answer: Na+
Flashcard 115: Cardiac O2 consumption is directly related to the amount of _____ developed by the ventricles
Answer: tension
Flashcard 116: Patients with severe aortic stenosis depend upon _____ for maintenance of preload
Answer: atrial contraction
Flashcard 117: Conduction velocity through the AV node is _____ than in the other cardiac tissues
Answer: slower
Flashcard 118: Is the fourth heart sound (S4) normally audible in adults?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 119: Entry of Ca2+ into the myocardial cell during the myocardial action potential triggers further release of Ca2+ through _____ receptors (Ca2+ release channels)
Answer: ryanodine
Flashcard 120: What is the approximate normal pressure in the right ventricle (systolic and diastolic)? _____
Answer: 25/5 mmHg
Flashcard 121: Which phase in the SA node accounts for its pacemaker activity and automaticity?_____
Answer: Phase 4 (slow depolarization)
Flashcard 122: How do aortic and ventricular pressure change during reduced ventricular ejection?_____
Answer: Decrease
Flashcard 123: Slowed conduction through the AV node normally causes a _____-msec delay, allowing time for ventricular filling
Answer: 100
Flashcard 124: What is the approximate normal pressure in the left ventricle (systolic and diastolic)? _____
Answer: 130/10 mmHg
Flashcard 125: The heart sound _____ may be audible during isovolumetric contraction
Answer: S1
Flashcard 126: The calcium channels that open during the plateau phase (myocardial action potential) are _____-type channels
Answer: L
Flashcard 127: What type of action potential occurs in the ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system?_____
Answer: Myocardial action potentials (phase 0 through phase 4)
Flashcard 128: How does aortic pressure change during rapid ventricular ejection?_____
Answer: Increase
Flashcard 129: The y descent on jugular venous pulse corresponds to _____
Answer: right atrial emptying into the right ventricle
Flashcard 130: Conduction velocity is increased when the space (length) constant is _____
Answer: increased
Flashcard 131: Activation of 1 receptors in the SA node produces an increase in _____ channel activity, which increases the rate of phase 4 depolarization and thus heart rate
Answer: If
Flashcard 132: Increased RV ejection time during inspiration causes delayed closure of the _____ valve (normal splitting)
Answer: pulmonic
Flashcard 133: How does ventricular volume change during atrial systole?_____
Answer: Increase
Flashcard 134: The normal heart sound _____ is loudest at the left upper sternal border
Answer: S2
Flashcard 135: The increase in atrial pressure caused by atrial systole appears on the venous pulse curve as the _____ wave
Answer: a
Flashcard 136: What phase of the cardiac cycle begins during the QRS complex on ECG?_____
Answer: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (specific)
Flashcard 137: Phase 4 of the SA node action potential is caused by a slow, mixed Na+/K+ inward current via _____ channels
Answer: If ("funny")
Flashcard 138: How does ventricular pressure change during isovolumetric relaxation?_____
Answer: Decrease
Flashcard 139: The heart sound _____ may be audible during isovolumetric relaxation
Answer: S2
Flashcard 140: Blood flows continuously through the cardiac cycle in all organs except the _____
Answer: heart
Flashcard 141: The _____ refractory period refers to the period in which a second action potential is possible, but requires a greater-than-normal stimulus
Answer: relative
Flashcard 142: _____ is the fourth phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period just after mitral valve opening
Answer: Rapid ventricular filling
Keywords: Cardiac cycle flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Phases of the cardiac cycle
Flashcards
Pressure-volume relationships
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Heart sounds and their origin
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Ventricular filling dynamics
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Valve function during cardiac cycle
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Electrical-mechanical coupling
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Isovolumetric contraction and relaxation
Flashcards
Ventricular ejection physiology
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Atrial contribution to cardiac function
Flashcards
Cardiac cycle in pathologic states
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Diastolic function assessment
Flashcards
Systolic function assessment
Flashcards
Effects of heart rate on cardiac cycle
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