Acid-base balance — Flashcards
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In _____ cells (in plasma), CO2 is combined with H2O via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, forming H2CO3
Acid-base disturbances may affect serum K+ levels via altering activity and directionality of the _____ exchanger
What acid-base disturbance is associated with hypokalemia? _____
The delta cells of the islets of Langerhans compose 10% of the islet and secrete _____
The osmotic diuresis in diabetic ketoacidosis may lead to fatal arrhythmias by causing _____ depletion
What are the effects of vomiting, diarrhea or hyperventilation on serum potassium levels? _____
Ischemia can occur due to _____ (ex. shock)
Un-reabsorbed phosphate (15%) serves as a urinary _____ for H+
Sodium Bicarbonate is used in the management of hyperkalemia to deal with the _____ caused by rapid cell buffering
Aldosterone upregulates the _____ pump on the apical membrane of the α-intercalated cells, increasing H+ excretion
Acid-base balance US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Acid-base balance with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Acid-base balance Flashcard Deck - 202 Cards
Flashcard 1: In _____ cells (in plasma), CO2 is combined with H2O via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, forming H2CO3
Answer: red blood
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: Acid-base disturbances may affect serum K+ levels via altering activity and directionality of the _____ exchanger
Answer: H+-K+
Extra: Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: What acid-base disturbance is associated with hypokalemia? _____
Answer: Alkalosis
Extra: Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: The delta cells of the islets of Langerhans compose 10% of the islet and secrete _____
Answer: somatostatin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 5: The osmotic diuresis in diabetic ketoacidosis may lead to fatal arrhythmias by causing _____ depletion
Answer: total body K+
Extra: Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-gestational-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/crash-course-in-medicine/diabetic-ketoacidosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: What are the effects of vomiting, diarrhea or hyperventilation on serum potassium levels? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)
Extra: * reduced acid levels (alkalosis) -> intracellular potassium shift -> lower serum potassium Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: Ischemia can occur due to _____ (ex. shock)
Answer: hypoperfusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: Un-reabsorbed phosphate (15%) serves as a urinary _____ for H+
Answer: buffer
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: Sodium Bicarbonate is used in the management of hyperkalemia to deal with the _____ caused by rapid cell buffering
Answer: acidosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: Aldosterone upregulates the _____ pump on the apical membrane of the α-intercalated cells, increasing H+ excretion
Answer: H+ ATPase
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch K+ sparing diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-k-sparing-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Pancreatic insufficiency is associated with _____ duodenal pH
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: ECF volume contraction results in _____ HCO3- reabsorption
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: _____ are glial cells that are capable of removing excess neurotransmitters
Answer: Astrocytes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: _____ may act as a buffer for H+, which subsequently affects Ca2+ levels as well
Answer: Plasma proteins
Extra: Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: H+ is secreted into the lumen of the early PCT via the Na+-H+ exchanger, where it combines with filtered _____, forming H2CO3
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: Saliva is characterized by _____ K+ and HCO3- concentration relative to plasma
Answer: high
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: What acid-base disorder may be seen with Liddle syndrome? _____
Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: On the apical membrane of β-intercalated cells is a(n) _____ exchanger
Answer: Cl--HCO3-
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Increased CO2 (respiratory acidosis) causes a(n) _____ in HCO3- by mass action
Answer: increase
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: Increased arterial pH (metabolic alkalosis) causes compensatory _____-ventilation with consequent _____ PCO2
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: Respiratory compensation in response to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis is _____
Answer: immediate
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: Brunner glands secrete a mucus-rich secretion that contains _____
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/gastrointestinal-tract?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki Atlas: Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Colon
Flashcard 23: Renal correction of respiratory acidosis includes increased excretion of excess fixed H+ as _____ and _____
Answer: titratable acid
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: The arterial blood profile seen in compensated metabolic alkalosis is: pH: _____ [HCO3-]: _____ PCO2: _____
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: The primary disturbance in respiratory alkalosis is _____-ventilation, which results in _____ CO2
Answer: hyper
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: Lactose intolerance is typically characterized by _____-appearing villi
Answer: normal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: In hyperkalemic RTA, hyperkalemia causes _____ NH3 synthesis in the PCT
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: Decreased HCO3- (metabolic acidosis) causes a(n) _____ in arterial pH
Answer: decrease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: H+ secretion from α-intercalated cells occurs via the luminal membrane _____ and H+-K+ ATPase pumps
Answer: H+ ATPase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: H2CO3, formed from CO2 and H2O in red blood cells, dissociates into _____ and _____
Answer: H+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: The arterial blood profile seen in compensated respiratory acidosis is: pH: _____ [HCO3-]: _____ PCO2: _____
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: The majority of CO2 transported in blood is in the form of _____ (90%)
Answer: HCO3- (bicarbonate)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: Somatostatin secretion is stimulated by _____ pH in the GI mucosa
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: Release of the enzymatic component of pancreatic secretion is primarily stimulated by _____
Answer: cholecystokinin (CCK)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: What type of renal tubular acidosis may be caused by acetazolamide? _____
Answer: Type 2 (Proximal)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: The compensatory response to an acid-base disturbance is always in _____ direction as the original acid-base disturbance
Answer: the same
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: Metabolic compensation in response to respiratory acidosis or alkalosis is _____
Answer: delayed
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: _____ are glial cells that help mediate K+ ion metabolism
Answer: Astrocytes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 39: Distal renal tubular acidosis is due to a defect in the ability of α-intercalated cells to secrete _____
Answer: H+
Extra: * due to dysfunctional H+ ATP-ase within intercalated cells Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: At high flow rates, the pancreatic secretions have high _____ concentration
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: Early emphysema presents with respiratory _____, while late emphysema presents with respiratory _____
Answer: alkalosis
Extra: * Late respiratory acidosis due to airway trapping causing CO2 retention Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: The increased blood pH following gastric acid secretion is referred to as the "_____" (e.g. after meals, vomiting)
Answer: alkaline tide
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: The HCO3- from H2CO3 is absorbed from the parietal cell into the blood via the _____ exchanger
Answer: Cl--HCO3-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: What effect does somatostatin have on gastric acid secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased secretion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis have _____ bicarbonate reuptake
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/crash-course-in-medicine/diabetic-ketoacidosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: Asthma may cause _____
Answer: respiratory alkalosis
Extra: Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: As pH of the tubular fluid _____, the excretion of H+ as NH4+ increases
Answer: decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: Gastrin increases H+ secretion directly via binding to _____ receptors on parietal cells
Answer: CCKB
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: Pancreatic lipase is inactivated by _____ duodenal pH
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: Parietal cells are located in the body of the stomach and secrete _____ and intrinsic factor
Answer: HCl
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: Mucus is secreted into the GI tract via _____ cells in the stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, and pancreas
Answer: mucous
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: The levels of salivary HCO3- increase with _____ flow rate
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: The H2CO3 formed inside the cells of the PCT dissociates into _____ and _____
Answer: H+
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: Acetazolamide primarily prevents reabsorption of _____
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Acetazolamide, mannitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-acetazolamide-mannitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Cl- in the parietal cell follows H+ into the lumen by diffusing through _____ channels
Answer: Cl-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: Gastrin secretion is inhibited by _____ pH of gastric contents
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: If metabolic alkalosis is accompanied by ECF volume _____, the reabsorption of HCO3- increases, worsening the metabolic alkalosis
Answer: contraction
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Decreased arterial pH (metabolic acidosis) causes compensatory _____-ventilation with consequent _____ PCO2
Answer: hyper
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: H+ is secreted by _____ on the luminal membrane of the α-intercalated cells of the collecting duct
Answer: H+-ATPase
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: Alkalosis may cause K+ to shift _____ cells, causing _____
Answer: into
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for the HCO3-/CO2 buffer states that: pH = _____
Answer: 6.1 + log ([HCO3-] / (0.03 * PCO2))
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: One function of gastrin is to _____ gastric H+ secretion
Answer: increase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: Obstructive jaundice is associated with _____, with malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Answer: steatorrhea
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: The α-intercalated cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct secrete _____
Answer: H+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: The primary disturbance in respiratory acidosis is _____-ventilation, which results in _____ CO2
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: Restrictive lung disease may present with _____
Answer: respiratory acidosis
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Mild decreases in serum Mg2+ concentration cause _____ PTH secretion
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: Inside the cells of the early PCT, H2O and CO2 form H2CO3, which then dissociates into _____ and _____
Answer: H+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: Gastrin secretion is stimulated by _____ pH of gastric contents
Answer: high
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: What second messenger regulates the Cl- channels in the luminal membrane of the intestine? _____
Answer: cAMP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: The H+ ATPase pump in the luminal membrane of the α-intercalated cells is stimulated by _____
Answer: aldosterone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: In the lumen of late distal tubule and collecting duct, secreted H+ combines with the HPO4- to form H2PO4, which is a(n) _____ acid
Answer: titratable
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: In the lumen of the proximal tubule, _____ and _____ combine to form NH4+
Answer: NH3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Pepsinogen is secreted in response to _____ and local H+
Answer: vagal stimulation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: HCO3- is transported from the cells of proximal tubule into the blood by _____ cotransport and Cl--HCO3- exchange
Answer: Na+-HCO3-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: Lactose intolerance is characterized by a(n)_____ stool pH
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: Besides a type II RTA, what acid-base disorder may be caused by acetazolamide? _____
Answer: Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Acetazolamide, mannitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-acetazolamide-mannitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: Neurological disorders (e.g. ALS, Guillain-Barré, polio, MG, botulism) may cause _____
Answer: respiratory acidosis
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: Increased PCO2 (respiratory acidosis) results in _____ HCO3- reabsorption
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: Distal renal tubular acidosis is associated with _____-kalemia
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: Hyperventilation as a respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis is known as _____ breathing
Answer: Kussmaul
Extra: Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: In the proximal tubule, glutamate is ultimately metabolized to _____, which is reabsorbed
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: In a low K+ state, _____ is exchanged for Na+ in the basolateral membrane of cortical collecting tubule, causing alkalosis and "paradoxical aciduria"
Answer: H+
Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Loop diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-loop-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: _____ is also known as volatile acid
Answer: CO2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: What acid-base disorder may be seen with Fanconi syndrome? _____
Answer: Metabolic acidosis
Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: Increases in arterial H+ stimulate the _____ body peripheral chemoreceptors only, independent of changes in Pco2
Answer: carotid
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: For each NH4+ generated in the proximal tubule, one new _____ is synthesized and reabsorbed
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: Opioids and other sedatives may cause _____
Answer: respiratory acidosis
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: Osteo-_____ dissolve bone by secreting H+ and collagenases
Answer: clasts
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/bone?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: The [HA] form of the bicarbonate buffer is _____, which is in equilibrium with H2CO3
Answer: CO2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: Decreased CO2 (respiratory alkalosis) causes a(n) _____ in HCO3- by mass action
Answer: decrease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: Increased CO2 causes a(n) _____ in arterial pH
Answer: decrease
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: Panic attacks may present with _____
Answer: respiratory alkalosis
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: Renal Tubular Acidosis causes _____
Answer: non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
Extra: * due to decreased production and/or reabsorption of bicarbonate by the kidney https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: Decreased PCO2 (respiratory alkalosis) results in _____ HCO3- reabsorption
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: The most significant intracellular buffer for H+ is _____
Answer: deoxyhemoglobin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: Chronic PPI = _____ B12 levels
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: Vomiting = _____ Diarrhea = _____
Answer: metabolic alkalosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: Does lactose intolerance affect the integrity or absorptive capacity of the small intestinal mucosa? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: What is the effect of low estrogen levels on vaginal pH? _____
Answer: Increased pH (> 5)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/menopause/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: Metabolic acidosis can occur due to loss of _____ in the GI tract
Answer: bicarbonate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: pH and PaCO2 can be used to calculate [_____] using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: What is the mechanism behind chronic respiratory alkalosis in the setting of pregnancy? _____
Answer: Progesterone indirectly increases minute ventilation by increasing the sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: What acid-base disorder may be caused by loop diuretics? _____
Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: Alveolar hypoventilation = respiratory _____ atelectasis = respiratory _____
Answer: acidosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: How do serum levels of K+ typically change in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis? _____
Answer: Normal or increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: What acid-base changes are seen in pregnancy? _____
Answer: Chronic respiratory alkalosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: Acute kidney injury causes a metabolic _____ and hyperkalemia
Answer: acidosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: What acid-base disturbance is expected in patients with atelectasis? _____
Answer: Respiratory alkalosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: Opioid intoxication causes _____ respiratory rate and _____ tidal volume
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Acute kidney injury = metabolic _____ and hyperkalemia Loop diuretic = metabolic _____ and hypokalemia
Answer: acidosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: ↑ Insulin/β-agonist/alkalosis = _____
Answer: hypokalemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: Early aspirin intoxication = _____ Later aspirin intoxication (> 12 hours) = _____
Answer: pure respiratory alkalosis
Extra: - Early: aspirin stimulates medullary respiratory center - Medium: aspirin is an acid and dissociates and causes increased lipolysis + inhibits citric acid cycle, forming lactic acid and causing metabolic acidosis. https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/toxic-ingestion/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: What is the normal range of pH arterial blood (room air)?
Answer: From 7.35 to 7.45 pH
Flashcard 115: 68 y/o man comes with abdominal pain, nausea for past 2 days. -Lactic acid, venous blood: 5.6 (normal: 0.5 - 2.0) -Urinalysis: Acidic urine. -Renal metabolism of what amino acids is most important for maximizing acid excretion in this patient?
Answer: Glutamine because the patient has lactic acidosis (high anion gap metabolic acidosis) It will use Glutamine to converted to glutamate which will create NH4+ & HCO3 to cope with high acid in the body. Ammonium (acid) will excrete in urine while HCO3 will reabsorb in the body to neutralize acid.
Flashcard 116: Somatostatin secretion is stimulated by _____ pH in the GI mucosa (high or low)
Answer: low
Flashcard 117: The mucus that covers the gastric epithelium traps _____, thus neutralizing any HCl that penetrates the mucus barrier
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 118: _____ increases H+ secretion indirectly by causing histamine release from ECL cells
Answer: Gastrin
Flashcard 119: In response to respiratory alkalosis (e.g. due to high altitude), there is increased renal excretion of _____
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 120: What is the normal average blood HCO3- concentration (mEq/L)?_____
Answer: 24 mEq/L
Flashcard 121: One function of secretin is to _____ bile secretion
Answer: increase
Flashcard 122: Gastrin increases H+ secretion directly via binding to _____ receptors on parietal cells
Answer: CCKB
Flashcard 123: One function of cholecystokinin is to potentiate the effects of secretin on _____ secretion
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 124: Does reabsorption of HCO3- result in net secretion of H+? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 125: Increased CO2 (respiratory acidosis) causes a(n) _____ in HCO3- by mass action
Answer: increase
Flashcard 126: In a low K+ state, _____ is exchanged for Na+ in the basolateral membrane of cortical collecting tubule, causing alkalosis and 'paradoxical aciduria'
Answer: H+
Flashcard 127: One function of gastrin is to _____ gastric H+ secretion
Answer: increase
Flashcard 128: Release of the aqueous (HCO3-) component of pancreatic secretion is primarily stimulated by _____
Answer: secretin
Flashcard 129: Release of the enzymatic component of pancreatic secretion is primarily stimulated by _____
Answer: cholecystokinin (CCK)
Flashcard 130: The H+ inside the cells of the early PCT (from H2CO3) is _____ by the Na+-H+ exchanger
Answer: re-secreted (into the lumen)
Flashcard 131: On the basolateral membrane of -intercalated cells is a _____ pump
Answer: H+-ATPase
Flashcard 132: What non-volatile acid may be elevated with strenuous exercise? _____
Answer: Lactic acid
Flashcard 133: The most significant intracellular buffer for H+ is _____
Answer: deoxyhemoglobin
Flashcard 134: What effect does somatostatin have on gastric acid secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased secretion
Flashcard 135: In the lumen of late distal tubule and collecting duct, secreted H+ combines with the HPO4- to form H2PO4, which is a _____ acid
Answer: titratable
Flashcard 136: Renal compensation of respiratory alkalosis includes _____ reabsorption of "new" HCO3-
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 137: What antiporter is present in the membrane of erythrocytes? _____
Answer: Cl-/HCO3- antiporter
Flashcard 138: Decreased CO2, secondary to hyperventilation, causes a(n) _____ in arterial pH
Answer: increase
Flashcard 139: For each H+ excreted as titratable acid, one new _____ is synthesized and reabsorbed
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 140: Acidemia is characterized by arterial pH < _____
Answer: 7.35
Flashcard 141: Which acid-base disturbance is caused by increased HCO3-? _____
Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
Flashcard 142: Decreased PCO2 (respiratory alkalosis) results in _____ HCO3- reabsorption
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 143: When the plasma [HCO3-] is greater than _____ mEq/L, the reabsorption mechanisms are fully saturated and excess HCO3- is secreted
Answer: 40
Flashcard 144: Thyroid hormone works synergistically with growth hormone and somatomedins to promote _____
Answer: bone formation
Flashcard 145: In hyperkalemic RTA, decreased NH3 synthesis in the PCT causes decreased _____ excretion
Answer: NH4+
Flashcard 146: ECF volume contraction results in _____ HCO3- reabsorption
Answer: increased
Flashcard 147: The [TF/P]HCO3 ratio _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: decreases
Flashcard 148: Metabolic compensation in response to respiratory acidosis or alkalosis is _____ (timing)
Answer: delayed
Flashcard 149: What type of signaling mechanism (endocrine or paracrine) does histamine use to reach parietal cells?_____
Answer: Paracrine (locally diffuses)
Flashcard 150: Which renal tubular acidosis is associated with increased urinary excretion of HCO3-? _____
Answer: Proximal RTA (type 2)
Flashcard 151: Saliva is characterized by _____ K+ and HCO3- concentration relative to plasma
Answer: high
Flashcard 152: What acid-base disorder is seen with early phases of aspirin toxicity? _____
Answer: Respiratory alkalosis
Flashcard 153: The ductal cells modify the initial pancreatic secretion via _____ of HCO3-
Answer: secretion
Flashcard 154: The H+ from H2CO3 is secreted from the parietal cell via the _____ pump
Answer: H+-K+ ATPase
Flashcard 155: The Cl--HCO3- exchange that occurs across the RBC membrane is accomplished by an anion exchange protein called _____
Answer: band three protein
Flashcard 156: By what mechanisms can H+ secretion still occur in a patient on H2 receptor blockers? _____
Answer: Direct stimulation of parietal cells by vagal stimulation and gastrin stimulation
Flashcard 157: The HCO3- from H2CO3 is absorbed from the parietal cell into the blood via the _____ exchanger
Answer: Cl--HCO3-
Flashcard 158: Increased PCO2 (respiratory acidosis) results in _____ HCO3- reabsorption
Answer: increased
Flashcard 159: The _____ gland adds a slightly alkaline secretion to sperm ejaculate, which is rich in citrate, calcium, and enzymes
Answer: prostate
Flashcard 160: What is the effect of acidemia on free ionized Ca2+ concentration?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 161: Glucose-insulinotropic peptide _____ gastric H+ secretion (exocrine effect)
Answer: decreases
Flashcard 162: Renal compensation of respiratory alkalosis includes _____ excretion of fixed H+ as titratable acid and NH4+
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 163: What effect does somatostatin have on pancreatic/small intestinal fluid secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased secretion
Flashcard 164: On the apical membrane of -intercalated cells is a _____ exchanger
Answer: Cl--HCO3-
Flashcard 165: Winters formula is used to calculate the predicted respiratory compensation for a simple _____
Answer: metabolic acidosis
Flashcard 166: One function of secretin is to increase secretion of pancreatic _____
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 167: Alkalemia is characterized by arterial pH > _____
Answer: 7.45
Flashcard 168: How does the pH change in infected tissue? _____
Answer: Decreased (acidic)
Flashcard 169: Renal correction of respiratory acidosis includes increased reabsorption of "new" _____
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 170: The glands of the prostate secrete an _____ (pH), milky fluid that is added to sperm and seminal vesicle fluid to make semen
Answer: alkaline
Flashcard 171: In the lumen of the collecting duct, NH3 and H+ form NH4+, which is trapped in the tubular fluid and excreted ("_____"))
Answer: diffusion trapping
Flashcard 172: Pancreatic secretions are _____-tonic relative to plasma, regardless of flow rate
Answer: iso
Flashcard 173: What is the normal average arterial pH? _____
Answer: 7.4
Flashcard 174: Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis have _____ bicarbonate reuptake
Answer: increased
Flashcard 175: Hyperventilation as a respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis is known as _____ breathing
Answer: Kussmaul
Flashcard 176: Secondary lactase deficiency occurs due to loss of the intestinal _____
Answer: brush border
Flashcard 177: In the proximal tubule, glutamate is ultimately metabolized to _____, which is reabsorbed
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 178: In the _____ cells of the collecting duct, NH3 and H+ are secreted into the lumen
Answer: -intercalated
Flashcard 179: What effect does somatostatin have on gallbladder contraction? _____
Answer: Decreased contraction
Flashcard 180: If metabolic alkalosis is accompanied by ECF volume _____, the reabsorption of HCO3- increases, worsening the metabolic alkalosis
Answer: contraction
Flashcard 181: Acid-base disturbances may affect serum K+ levels via altering activity and directionality of the _____ exchanger
Answer: H+-K+
Flashcard 182: The levels of salivary HCO3- increase with _____ flow rate
Answer: increased
Flashcard 183: Cl- in the parietal cell follows H+ into the lumen by diffusing through _____ channels
Answer: Cl-
Flashcard 184: Increases in arterial H+ stimulate the _____ body peripheral chemoreceptors only, independent of changes in Pco2
Answer: carotid
Flashcard 185: Respiratory compensation in response to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis is _____ (timing)
Answer: immediate
Flashcard 186: Exercise may cause K+ to shift _____ cells
Answer: out of
Flashcard 187: Pancreatic lipase is inactivated by _____ duodenal pH (high or low)
Answer: low
Flashcard 188: The compensatory response to an acid-base disturbance is always in _____ direction as the original acid-base disturbance
Answer: the same ((same or different))
Flashcard 189: H+ is secreted by _____ on the luminal membrane of the -intercalated cells of the collecting duct
Answer: H+-ATPase
Flashcard 190: Aldosterone upregulates the _____ pump on the apical membrane of the -intercalated cells, increasing H+ excretion
Answer: H+ ATPase
Flashcard 191: What acid-base disturbance is associated with hyperkalemia? _____
Answer: Acidosis
Flashcard 192: Decreased CO2 (respiratory alkalosis) causes a(n) _____ in HCO3- by mass action
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 193: The _____ cells of collecting duct are the major site of H+ secretion
Answer: -intercalated
Flashcard 194: What is the effect of alkalemia on free ionized Ca2+ concentration?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 195: Increased CO2 causes a(n) _____ in arterial pH
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 196: Brunner glands secrete a mucus-rich secretion that contains _____
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 197: The H+ from NH4+ (glutamine breakdown) in the proximal tubule cells is secreted into the lumen via the _____ exchanger
Answer: Na+-H+
Flashcard 198: How does increased ventilation rate during pregnancy affect blood pH? _____
Answer: Mild respiratory alkalosis
Flashcard 199: What effect does alcohol and caffeine have on gastric HCl secretion? _____
Answer: Increased secretion
Flashcard 200: Gastric HCl secretion during the _____ phase is mediated by both vagal stimulation and direct gastrin release
Answer: gastric
Flashcard 201: Inability to secrete H+ by the -intercalated cells (distal RTA) results in no new _____ generation
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 202: Pancreatic insufficiency is associated with _____ duodenal pH
Answer: decreased
Keywords: Acid-base balance flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Buffer systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, protein)
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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
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Renal regulation of acid-base balance
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Renal bicarbonate handling
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Ammonia production and excretion
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Titratable acid excretion
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Respiratory regulation of acid-base
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Metabolic acidosis mechanisms and compensation
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Metabolic alkalosis mechanisms and compensation
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Respiratory acidosis mechanisms and compensation
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Respiratory alkalosis mechanisms and compensation
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Mixed acid-base disorders
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Clinical approach to acid-base disorders
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