Formula selection and preparation — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Severe infant deprivation can result in infant _____

Answer: death

Flashcard 2: What is the most common nutritional cause of iron deficiency in infants and toddlers?

Answer: Excessive cow's milk consumption

Extra: Cow's milk is low in iron and can cause occult intestinal bleeding. Other major causes include the delayed introduction of iron-fortified solids and exclusive breastfeeding beyond 4–6 months without iron supplementation (as human milk is naturally low in iron).

Flashcard 3: Does breast milk contain adequate amounts of Vitamin K?

Answer: No

Flashcard 4: Celiac disease in _____ (age group) classically presents as abdominal distention, steatorrhea, and failure to thrive

Answer: children

Flashcard 5: Exclusively breastfed infants require _____ supplementation

Answer: vitamin D

Flashcard 6: How soon after birth do symptoms of galactose metabolism disorders present? _____

Answer: When feeding begins (lactose is in both breast milk and routine formula)

Flashcard 7: What is the pharmacological management for nocturnal (sleep) enuresis?

Answer: Pharmacotherapy: Desmopressin (preferred), Imipramine

Extra: Desmopressin (DDAVP) is usually the preferred first-line pharmacological treatment for nocturnal enuresis due to fewer adverse effects compared to Imipramine (TCA). Initial management involves behavioral modification and bed-wetting alarms.

Flashcard 8: What is the primary nutritional deficiency in Marasmus?

Answer: Deficiency of non-protein calories (total energy intake)

Extra: Marasmus is characterized by severe muscle wasting and loss of subcutaneous fat ('skin and bones' appearance), typically without edema. This contrasts with Kwashiorkor, which is primarily a protein deficiency and presents with pitting edema.

Flashcard 9: kwashiorkor

Answer: protein malnutrition

Extra: Skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction, anemia, fatty liver