GI — Flashcards
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Acute mesenteric ischemia may occur due to a thrombotic or embolic occlusion of the _____ artery
Histopathologic findings of Microsporidium include small spores with a(n) _____ or _____ structure
_____ gastritis occurs due to acidic damage to the stomach mucosa
Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum can cause _____ hypertension
What is the gross apperance of gallbladder adenocarcinoma? _____
Juvenile polyps are benign with _____ malignant potential
Chronic H. pylori gastritis is also referred to as type _____ gastritis
Which type of gallstone is associated with extravascular hemolysis? _____
Which liver mass is characterized by a large central artery with surrounding bile ductules, arterioles, and portal venules on histology? _____
Ischemic colitis may present with the "_____" sign on imaging due to mucosal edema/hemorrhage
GI US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master GI with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
GI Flashcard Deck - 261 Cards
Flashcard 1: Acute mesenteric ischemia may occur due to a thrombotic or embolic occlusion of the _____ artery
Answer: superior mesenteric
Extra: * SMA= top red pole on boat, IMA just below Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: Histopathologic findings of Microsporidium include small spores with a(n) _____ or _____ structure
Answer: diagonal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: _____ gastritis occurs due to acidic damage to the stomach mucosa
Answer: Acute
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki Ischemic colitis Colonoscopy A pale mucous membrane and a loss of vascular pattern can be seen. One large and multiple smaller fibrin-covered ulcerations are also visible (green overlay). These findings are consistent with ischemic colitis. Robbins:
Flashcard 4: Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum can cause _____ hypertension
Answer: portal
Extra: Watch Trematodes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-trematodes-and-cestodes-trematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: What is the gross apperance of gallbladder adenocarcinoma? _____
Answer: Exophytic ("cauliflower-like") mass
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: Juvenile polyps are benign with _____ malignant potential
Answer: some
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: Chronic H. pylori gastritis is also referred to as type _____ gastritis
Answer: B
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 8: Which type of gallstone is associated with extravascular hemolysis? _____
Answer: Bilirubin (pigment) stones
Extra: Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 9: Which liver mass is characterized by a large central artery with surrounding bile ductules, arterioles, and portal venules on histology? _____
Answer: Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
Extra: * forms a nodular star pattern or "central stellate scar"; contrast imaging shows a "spoke wheel" blood flow pattern https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: Ischemic colitis may present with the "_____" sign on imaging due to mucosal edema/hemorrhage
Answer: thumbprint
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 11: Cirrhosis is characterized by disruption of normal hepatic parenchyma by bands of _____ and regenerative nodules of hepatocytes
Answer: fibrosis
Extra: Watch Cirrhosis Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-cirrhosis-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki Decompensated alcohol-related cirrhosis (II) Microscopic image of fatty liver (H&E stain): septal, connective tissue reconstruction with lymphocyte infiltration (green overlay) in a regenerative nodule (R) with adipose hepatocytes (H). (B = bile duct proliferates) Atlas:
Flashcard 12: Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus may present with _____ due to involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Answer: hoarseness
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 13: _____ pigment gallstones are radio-opaque and composed of calcium bilirubinate
Answer: Black
Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 14: What type of gastric adenocarcinoma displays disorganized cell growth throughout the stomach "infiltrative growth pattern"? _____
Answer: Diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: Which area of the stomach is initially affected by chronic H. pylori gastritis? _____
Answer: Antrum
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 16: What lymph nodes are commonly affected in Whipple disease? _____
Answer: Mesenteric nodes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: Is diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? _____
Answer: Can be either or both
Extra: Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: _____ hepatitis is associated with inflammation that involves the lobules of the liver and portal tracts; characterized by apoptosis of hepatocytes
Answer: Acute
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 19: What is the most common classification of gastric carcinoma (e.g. SCC, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, etc.)? _____
Answer: Adenocarcinoma
Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 20: What pathology is characterized by a triad of iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, and a beefy red tongue? _____
Answer: Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: Colonic _____ are raised protrusions of colonic mucosa
Answer: polyps
Extra: Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: Which bacteria can cause bacillary peliosis? _____
Answer: Bartonella henselae
Extra: Watch Bartonella henselae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-bartonella-henselae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: Gardner syndrome is a combination of _____ with osteomas and fibromatosis
Answer: familial adenomatous polyposis
Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: Esophagitis with _____ ulcerations is characteristic of CMV
Answer: linear
Extra: Watch Cytomegalovirus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-cytomegalovirus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: In patients with hereditary lactose intolerance, intestinal biopsy reveals _____ mucosa
Answer: normal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: Gastric _____ involves loss of the mucosal layer only
Answer: erosions
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Robbins:
Flashcard 27: Chronic pancreatitis results in increased risk for _____ carcinoma
Answer: pancreatic
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Pancreatitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Pancreatic Cancer & Islet Cell Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-pancreatic-cancer-and-islet-cell-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 28: Celiac disease is associated with HLA-_____ and HLA-_____
Answer: DQ2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 29: In Celiac disease, _____ is presented by APCs via MHC class II
Answer: deamidated gliadin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki Celiac disease etiopathogenesis In patients with celiac disease, ingestion of gliadin, a component of gluten, leads to an immune response in the intestinal epithelium. Gliadin is deaminated by tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and then ingested by antigen-presenting cells (APC), which activate T cells via MHC II receptors. The activated T cell then activates plasma cells to release anti-tTG, antiendomysial, and antideaminated gliadin antibodies (which all function as diagnostic markers of celiac disease). T cells also differentiate into TH1 cells, which activate cytoplasmic fibroblasts to release matrix proteases. This leads to the destruction of the intestinal architecture with villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and the loss of the brush border. Atlas:
Flashcard 30: Which type of gallstone is the most common, especially in the West? _____
Answer: Cholesterol stone (80%)
Extra: * due to high fat diet (e.g. burger, fries, etc) Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 31: Primary sclerosing cholangitis causes periductal fibrosis with an "_____" appearance histologically
Answer: onion-skin
Extra: * because intrahepatic ducts are concentrated in periportal regions, Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 32: Autosomal recessive PKD is associated with congenital _____ which may lead to portal hypertension
Answer: hepatic fibrosis
Extra: * due to fibrocystin PKHD1 gene for recessive -> protein biliary epithelium -> bile tract proliferation -> hepatomegaly https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 33: Which part of the esophagus is typically affected by adenocarcinoma? _____
Answer: Lower 1/3rd
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 34: Most cases of diffuse gastric cancer are due to _____ mutations
Answer: E-cadherin
Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: Colonic polyps have a greater risk of progression to carcinoma if they are _____ cm in size
Answer: > 2
Extra: * 2 HORNS = > 2cm risk for adenomas to adenocarcinoma Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: The most common causes of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus are _____ and tobacco
Answer: alcohol
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 37: Fibrous replacement of the muscularis in the lower esophagus is the cause of esophageal dysmotility in _____ syndrome
Answer: CREST
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: Chronic pancreatitis is most often secondary to recurrent acute _____
Answer: pancreatitis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Gastric ulcers are usually due to _____ (~ 70%)
Answer: H. pylori
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 40: Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with esophageal web (e.g. Plummer-Vinson syndrome)? _____
Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 41: Porcelain gallbladder is a shrunken, hard gallbladder due to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and dystrophic _____
Answer: calcification
Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 42: Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with esophageal injury (e.g. lye/caustic ingestion)? _____
Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Extra: * irritants on table Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 43: The third most common type of kidney stone (5%) is a(n) _____ stone
Answer: uric acid
Extra: * Calcium > MAP (Struvite) > Uric acid > Cystine Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: _____ is a complication of diverticulosis due to inflammation of diverticula
Answer: Diverticulitis
Extra: Watch Large Bowel & Appendiceal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-large-bowel-and-appendiceal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 45: Alcoholic cirrhosis may be associated with _____ around central veins in early disease
Answer: sclerosis
Extra: Watch Cirrhosis Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-cirrhosis-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 46: Crohn disease (IBD) is characterized histologically by lymphoid aggregates with _____
Answer: noncaseating granulomas
Extra: Watch Crohns Disease & Ulcerative Colitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-crohns-disease-and-ulcerative-colitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: "granny llamma"
Flashcard 47: Celiac disease is characterized histologically by _____ of crypts
Answer: hyperplasia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 48: _____ are solid, round stones in the gallbladder
Answer: Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
Extra: * Yellow (cholesterol), Brown (conjugated bilirubin), and Black (unconjugated bilirubin) balls = Gallstones Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 49: Calculous cholecystitis results from an impacted stone in the _____ duct, resulting in dilatation with inflammation and bacterial overgrowth
Answer: cystic
Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 50: Patches of red velvety mucosa (columnar epithelium) extending upward form the gastroesophageal junction is seen in _____
Answer: Barrett's esophagus
Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: Chronic gastritis is divided into two types based on etiology: _____ and H. pylori gastritis
Answer: autoimmune
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 52: Small and large bowel ischemia initially spares _____, which contain secretory cells and stem cells
Answer: crypts
Extra: * crypts become hyperplastic at first, then become affected as ischemia progresses Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: Acute pancreatitis results in _____ necrosis of the pancreas
Answer: liquefactive
Extra: * decreased blood flow to the acinar cells -> further autodigestion Watch Acute & Chronic Pancreatitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: What GI tumor is a well-circumscribed, fleshy, submucosal mesenchymal mass that may present with nausea and vomiting? _____
Answer: GIST tumor
Extra: * A. Small intestinal GIST. B. GIST tumor with central ulceration. C. GIST tumor cell by immunohistochemical staining demonstrating both types of spindle and epithelioid tumor cells. D. GIST tumor cell line. https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Bowel ischemia leads to patchy areas of mucosal _____ with neutrophilic infiltrate
Answer: hemorrhage
Extra: Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: Primary achalasia is due to an autoimmune destruction of ganglion cells in the _____ plexus
Answer: myenteric (Auerbach)
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: Alcoholic hepatitis is characterized histologically by _____, which are intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions of damaged keratin (intermediate) filaments
Answer: mallory bodies
Extra: Watch Alcoholic & Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-alcoholic-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Which biliary tract disease is caused by extrahepatic biliary obstruction? _____
Answer: Secondary biliary cholangitis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: _____ is an acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder with gallbladder wall thickening
Answer: Cholecystitis
Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 60: Serrated polyps are commonly caused by silenced MMR genes (due to CpG methylation) which lead to microsatellite instability and _____ mutations
Answer: BRAF
Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: What shape do the lesions present as in Entamoeba histolytica? "_____"
Answer: Flask-shaped
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: Within the space of Disse are stellate (Ito) cells, which produce _____ when activated
Answer: extracellular matrix
Extra: * Stellate cells transform into myofibroblast when activated Watch Cirrhosis Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-cirrhosis-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 63: GI stromal tumor (GIST) is a well-circumscribed mesenchymal tumor derived from what cells? _____
Answer: Interstitial cells of Cajal (pacemaker cells)
Extra: *Interstitial cells of Cajal- "pacemaker" cells responsible for peristalsis https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Gastric _____ may extend into and beyond the submucosa
Answer: ulcers
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Robbins:
Flashcard 65: Histologically, Primary biliary cholangitis is characterized by lymphocytic infiltrate and _____
Answer: granulomas
Extra: * Note histology on right: straight arrow pointing to lymphocyte, curved arrow pointing to a poorly-formed granuloma Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 66: Which malabsorption syndrome is associated with PAS positive, foamy macrophages? _____
Answer: Whipple disease
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: _____ syndrome is similar to Dubin-Johnson syndrome, but milder and WITHOUT black liver
Answer: Rotor
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: Which virus is a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma? _____
Answer: Epstein-Barr virus
Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: Cholelithiasis may arise due to _____ cholesterol or bilirubin in bile
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: On liver biopsy, hepatitis _____ infections display lymphoid aggregates with focal areas of macrovesicular steatosis
Answer: C
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/hepatitis-viruses/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: What are the effects of severe acute pancreatitis on serum calcium levels? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypocalcemia)
Extra: *due to extensive fat necrosis and release of fatty acids, which bind to large amounts of calcium leading to dystrophic calcification and hypocalcemia Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute & Chronic Pancreatitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with very hot tea? _____
Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 73: Crohn disease (IBD) appears grossly with "creeping" _____
Answer: fat
Extra: Watch Crohns Disease & Ulcerative Colitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-crohns-disease-and-ulcerative-colitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 74: Zone I of the liver is the _____ zone
Answer: periportal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 75: Colonic polyps are grossly characterized as flat, _____, or pedunculated (on a stalk)
Answer: sessile
Extra: * Sessile - without a stalk Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Pedunculated adenomatous polyp Colonoscopy Polypectomy and histological confirmation of this colonic polyp is indicated.
Flashcard 76: Which liver zone is affected first by viral hepatitis? _____
Answer: Zone I (periportal)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 77: Which type of carcinoma forms above the pectinate line? _____
Answer: Adenocarcinoma
Extra: Watch Anorectal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-anorectal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: _____ polyps usually present in childhood as a solitary rectal polyp that prolapses and bleeds
Answer: Juvenile
Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 79: What HLA subtypes are associated with celiac disease? _____ and _____
Answer: DQ2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a(n) _____ disorder characterized by 100s to 1000s of adenomatous colonic polyps
Answer: autosomal dominant
Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 81: _____ gastritis occurs due to chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa
Answer: Chronic
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 82: Does viral hepatitis result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Both :)
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 83: Ulcerative colitis is characterized histologically by _____ with neutrophils, ulcers, and bleeding
Answer: crypt abscesses
Extra: Watch Crohns Disease & Ulcerative Colitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-crohns-disease-and-ulcerative-colitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 84: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by fatty infiltration of hepatocytes with cellular "_____" and eventual necrosis
Answer: ballooning
Extra: Watch Alcoholic & Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-alcoholic-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 85: The N of TNM staging for colorectal carcinoma represents _____
Answer: regional lymph node involvement
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 86: MEN2B may cause _____, which is a hamartomatous proliferation of neural tissue in the intestinal muscular layer
Answer: intestinal ganglioneuromatosis
Extra: Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-men?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: Chronic gastritis is associated with _____ of the gastric mucosa
Answer: atrophy
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: Anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies are associated with _____
Answer: autoimmune hepatitis type 1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: _____ syndrome presents with a grossly black liver, but is otherwise not clinically significant
Answer: Dubin-Johnson
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: Crohn disease most commonly involves the _____
Answer: terminal ileum
Extra: * can occur anywhere though Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Crohns Disease & Ulcerative Colitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 91: _____ is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus, often in atopic patients
Answer: Eosinophilic esophagitis
Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: Chronic pyelonephritis with scarring at the upper and lower poles is characteristic of _____
Answer: vesicoureteral reflux
Extra: Watch Hydronephrosis & Urinary Tract Obstruction [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-hydronephrosis-and-urinary-tract-obstruction?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Robbins: UWorld:
Flashcard 93: Mutant α1-antitrypsin polymerizes and accumulates in the _____ of hepatocytes, resulting in liver damage (e.g. cirrhosis)
Answer: endoplasmic reticulum
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cirrhosis Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 94: Progression of colonic adenoma to carcinoma is associated with overexpression of _____
Answer: COX-2
Extra: * ASA umpire gnome: COX-2 increases risk of adenoma -> carcinoma: regular aspirin use decreases the risk of colon cancer Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 95: Right-sided colorectal carcinoma usually grows as a(n) _____ mass
Answer: raised (exophytic)
Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Stenosing colorectal cancer Endoscopy of the sigmoid colon at the transition to the descending colon: A stenosing, exophytic tumor with a rough surface can be seen in the upper margin of the image (green area). Sigmoidoscopy findings in rectal cancer Exophytic, irregularly circumscribed structure in the intestinal lumin with superficial necrosis and small fragile mucous membrane vessels Atlas:
Flashcard 96: Acute pancreatitis may present with _____-calcemia/magnesemia
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Pancreatitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/pancreatitis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 97: Chronic H. pylori gastritis causes increased risk for _____ disease
Answer: peptic ulcer
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 98: Which liver zone is affected by yellow fever? _____
Answer: Zone II (intermediate)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 99: _____ is caused by ischemic damage to the colon
Answer: Ischemic colitis
Extra: Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Ischemic colitis Colonoscopy A pale mucous membrane and a loss of vascular pattern can be seen. One large and multiple smaller fibrin-covered ulcerations are also visible (green overlay). These findings are consistent with ischemic colitis. Atlas:
Flashcard 100: What type of colonic polyp may include lesions such as lipomas, leiomyomas, fibromas, and others? _____
Answer: Submucosal polyps
Extra: Watch Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) & Endometriosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-aub-and-endometriosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: Acute pancreatitis results in _____ necrosis of the peripancreatic fat
Answer: fat
Extra: * Roasting lipid-laden pig: release of the pancreatic enzyme lipase ‚Üí autodigestion of adipose tissue ‚Üí fat necrosis (visible on histology in pancreatitis) Watch Acute & Chronic Pancreatitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 102: The biggest risk factor for intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma is _____
Answer: autoimmune gastritis
Extra: * old grandfather in gastritis video on sketch to the right Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: Entamoeba histolytica can cause _____, which are described as having "anchovy paste" consistency
Answer: amoebic liver abscesses
Extra: Watch Entamoeba histolytica [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-entamoeba-histolytica?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: _____ is a calcified gallbladder that results from chronic cholecystitis
Answer: Porcelain gallbladder
Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 105: _____ pigment gallstones are radio-lucent and arise with biliary tract infection
Answer: Brown
Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 106: Crohn disease appears grossly with _____ (lumen size) and bowel wall thickening
Answer: strictures
Extra: Watch Crohns Disease & Ulcerative Colitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-crohns-disease-and-ulcerative-colitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 107: In Crohns disease, loss of the innate barrier function of the intestinal mucosa allows intestinal microbes to induce an exaggerated response by the _____, resulting in chronic GI inflammation
Answer: adaptive immune system
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: What liver pathology is associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency? _____
Answer: Cirrhosis
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cirrhosis Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 109: In Barrett's esophagus, _____ is replaced with non-ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (metaplasia)
Answer: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Extra: * Metal intestines= intestinal metaplasia; * Barrett's bear=GERD -> Barrett's esophagus (intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus); * Squamous tiles= esophagus normally lined with stratified squamous epithelium; * Scattered mucus cups= intestinal metaplasia of Barrett's esophagus contains goblet cell hyperplasia Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Robbins:
Flashcard 110: _____ is characterized by many false diverticula in the colon
Answer: Diverticulosis
Extra: Watch Large Bowel & Appendiceal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-large-bowel-and-appendiceal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Acute diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon Ultrasound of the sigmoid colon (longitudinal section) The intestinal contour (white dotted line) shows multiple protrusions (sigma diverticula; white arrows). The wall of the sigmoid colon is thickened; it is not possible to distinguish between the layers and the surrounding tissue, but the usual reflection of the lumen can still be traced (white line). The pericolonic fat and greater omentum are inflamed and thus hyperechoic (yellow overlay). The hypoechoic area (blue overlay) on the posterior of the colon is either free fluid or an abscess. Diverticulosis Double-contrast barium enema of the colon Multiple diverticula in the colon can be seen (examples circled in green). Diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon Coronal, abdominal CT scan with contrast medium: Clear thickening of the sigmoid wall with visible traces of fluid in the pericolic fat (green area). The lumen of the sigmoid colon is narrowed due to the inflammation (shaded area). Intramural gas (arrows) in the region of the inflammation may suggest perforated diverticulitis without free communication with the peritoneum. Atlas:
Flashcard 111: What type of colonic polyp is small (< 5 mm) and resembles normal mucosa? _____
Answer: Mucosal polyps (clinically insignificant)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: Which form of IBD involves transmural inflammation with "knife-like" fissures? _____
Answer: Crohn disease
Extra: Watch Crohns Disease & Ulcerative Colitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-crohns-disease-and-ulcerative-colitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 113: H. pylori-mediated chronic gastritis and autoimmune gastritis are risk factors for _____
Answer: primary gastric lymphomas (T or B-cell)
Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: The T of TNM staging for colorectal carcinoma represents the _____
Answer: depth of invasion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 115: _____ pancreatitis is characterized by fibrosis of pancreatic parenchyma
Answer: Chronic
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Pancreatitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 116: Ménétrier disease is characterized by _____ cell atrophy with decreased acid production
Answer: parietal
Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 117: Shallow, multiple ulcers = _____
Answer: NSAID
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: Where is esophageal SCC found and what is cause? _____
Answer: Upper 1/3, smoking/irritation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: rhomboid crystals = _____
Answer: uric acid stones
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: Cirrhosis = _____ factor 8 levels
Answer: normal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: Which form of inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by transmural inflammation and non-caseating granulomas on biopsy? _____
Answer: Crohn disease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: Thickened subepithelial collagen band or monocytic (lymphocytic) infiltrate is suggestive of _____
Answer: microscopic colitis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: Causes of Appendicitis: Adults = _____ obstruction Children = _____ obstruction
Answer: fecalith
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: Chronic watery diarrhea with normal macroscopic appearance of bowel is suggestive of _____
Answer: microscopic colitis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: Esophageal ring at GE junction is also known as _____
Answer: Schatzki's ring
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: Dilation of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct (double duct sign) may occur with tumors of the _____ of the pancreas
Answer: head
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki i.e. both intra- and extra-hepatic biliary tract dilation
Flashcard 127: What is the pathophysiology of choledocholithiasis? _____
Answer: CBD obstruction proximal to pancreatic duct w/ elevated biliary/liver enzymes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: Where is esophageal adeno found and what is cause? _____
Answer: Lower 1/3, GERD
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: Acute pancreatitis can cause third spacing through increased _____
Answer: capillary permeability
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/pancreatitis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: Biopsy of the colon shows a mononuclear infiltrate within the lamina propria and a thickened subepithelial collagen band is suggestive of _____
Answer: microscopic colitis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: What causes acute cholecystitis? _____
Answer: Gallstone lodged in cystic duct
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: Black liver and defective hepatocyte bilirubin excretion is suggestive of _____
Answer: Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: What is the pathophysiology of duodenal atresia? _____
Answer: Failure of the duodenum to recanalize → backs up GI tract → can't swallow amniotic fluid
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/baby-emesis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: Crohn disease (IBD) = lymphoid aggregates with _____
Answer: noncaseating granulomas
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: Hyperplastic colonic polyps are the most common and are _____
Answer: benign
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: Hemolysis (sickle cell / thalassemia) = ↑ risk of _____ pigment stones Biliary tract infection = ↑ risk of _____ pigment stones
Answer: black
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: Porcelain gallbladder is associated with an increased risk for _____ and usually requires cholecystectomy
Answer: gallbladder adenocarcinoma
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: Ménétrier disease is characterized by excess _____ production with resultant _____ loss, leading to edema
Answer: mucus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: Strongest risk factor for gastric cancer = _____
Answer: H. Pylori infection
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: Lactose intolerance can develop after gastroenteritis. Why? _____
Answer: Damage to villi, which contain lactase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: What liver pathology is associated with a single large, smooth, round cyst with daughter cysts inside? _____
Answer: Hydatid cysts from Echinococcus granulosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: _____ is the gold standard for diagnosing Hirschsprung's disease
Answer: Rectal suction biopsy
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/failure-to-pass-meconium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: Which IBD has noncaseating granulomas? _____
Answer: Crohn disease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: _____ is caused by absent ganglion migration to Meissner and Auerbach plexuses in colon
Answer: Hirschsprungs disease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: What is pathophys of achalasia? _____
Answer: LES cannot relax
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: Ulcerative colitis = _____ filled with neutrophils
Answer: crypt abscesses
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 147: Which form of inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by transmural inflammation and non-caseating granulomas on biopsy? _____
Answer: Crohn disease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: Which form of inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by continuous, mucosal/ submucosal inflammation and crypt abscesses on biopsy? _____
Answer: Ulcerative colitis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 149: Biliary _____ is a failure to form or early destruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree
Answer: atresia
Flashcard 150: Intestinal biopsy with flask-shaped lesions is diagnostic of _____
Answer: Entamoeba histolytica
Flashcard 151: Crohn disease appears grossly with _____ (lumen size) and bowel wall thickening
Answer: strictures
Flashcard 152: In acute pancreatitis, _____ is prematurely activated, which leads to activation of other pancreatic enzymes
Answer: trypsin
Flashcard 153: The dermatitis herpetiformis that arises with celiac disease is due to _____ deposition at the tips of the dermal papillae
Answer: IgA
Flashcard 154: There is an increased incidence of ascending cholangitis with _____ (stones in the biliary ducts)
Answer: choledocholithiasis
Flashcard 155: Hyperplastic colonic polyps classically show a '_____' appearance on microscopy
Answer: serrated
Flashcard 156: Which liver cell is the major mediator of fibrosis in response to tissue damage (e.g. cirrhosis)? _____
Answer: Stellate (Ito cells)
Flashcard 157: Hyperplastic colonic polyps are benign with _____ malignant potential
Answer: no
Flashcard 158: _____ is characterized by specialized intestinal metaplasia of the lower esophageal mucosa
Answer: Barrett esophagus
Flashcard 159: Wilson disease often presents with _____, due to copper accumulation in the liver
Answer: macronodular cirrhosis (macro/micro)
Flashcard 160: Which liver zone is the site of alcoholic hepatitis? _____
Answer: Zone III (centrilobular)
Flashcard 161: The massive centrilobular hepatic necrosis seen in certain inhaled anesthetics can cause the liver to rapidly atrophy and appear _____
Answer: shrunken
Flashcard 162: Menetrier disease is characterized by _____ cell atrophy with decreased acid production
Answer: parietal
Flashcard 163: The major risk factor for gallbladder carcinoma is _____, especially when complicated by porcelain gallbladder
Answer: gallstones
Flashcard 164: Cholelithiasis may arise due to _____ cholesterol or bilirubin in bile
Answer: increased
Flashcard 165: Crohns disease is highly associated with mutations in the _____ gene
Answer: NOD2
Flashcard 166: Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with very hot tea? _____
Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Flashcard 167: In Celiac disease, _____ is presented by APCs via MHC class II
Answer: deamidated gliadin
Flashcard 168: Which type of carcinoma forms above the pectinate line?_____
Answer: Adenocarcinoma
Flashcard 169: Which form of IBD involves transmural inflammation with "knife-like" fissures? _____
Answer: Crohn disease
Flashcard 170: Patients with Abetalipoproteinemia will have enterocytes with _____ cytoplasm, prominently at the tips of the villi
Answer: clear
Flashcard 171: Which part of the esophagus is typically affected by squamous cell carcinoma? _____
Answer: Upper 2/3rds
Flashcard 172: Chronic mesenteric ischemia is associated with _____ infarction (mucosal or transmural)
Answer: mucosal
Flashcard 173: _____ syndrome presents with a grossly black liver, but is otherwise not clinically significant
Answer: Dubin-Johnson
Flashcard 174: What type of colonic polyp may include lesions such as lipomas, leiomyomas, fibromas, and others? _____
Answer: Submucosal polyps
Flashcard 175: _____ gastric ulcers are usually large and irregular with heaped up margins
Answer: Malignant
Flashcard 176: _____ pancreatitis is characterized by fibrosis of pancreatic parenchyma
Answer: Chronic
Flashcard 177: Which type of gallstone is associated with extravascular hemolysis? _____
Answer: Bilirubin (pigment) stones
Flashcard 178: Which alcoholic liver disease is characterized by macrovesicular fatty change with a heavy, greasy liver? _____
Answer: Hepatic steatosis
Flashcard 179: Which areas of the stomach are affected in chronic autoimmune gastritis? _____
Answer: body and fundus
Flashcard 180: Barrett esophagus is characterized by extension of the _____ junction (Z-line) into the esophageal mucosa
Answer: squamocolumnar
Flashcard 181: _____ presents with spontaneous chest pain that radiates to the back, ears, and neck
Answer: Diffuse esophageal spasm (GI Pathology)
Flashcard 182: Acute mesenteric ischemia is associated with _____ infarction (mucosal or transmural)
Answer: transmural
Flashcard 183: Does primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) affect intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts? _____
Answer: Intrahepatic
Flashcard 184: Carcinoid tumors may arise anywhere in the gut, however, they most commonly arise in the _____
Answer: small bowel
Flashcard 185: Juvenile polyposis syndrome is associated with increased risk for _____ carcinoma
Answer: colorectal
Flashcard 186: What type of liver cirrhosis is associated with 1-antitrypsin deficiency? _____
Answer: Macronodular
Flashcard 187: Lactose intolerance is typically characterized by _____-appearing villi
Answer: normal
Flashcard 188: _____ gastritis arises due to imbalance between mucosal defenses and acidic environment
Answer: Acute
Flashcard 189: Which biliary tract disease is caused by extrahepatic biliary obstruction? _____
Answer: Secondary biliary cholangitis
Flashcard 190: Adenomatous colonic polyps are benign with _____ malignant potential
Answer: some
Flashcard 191: Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus most commonly arises from pre-existing _____
Answer: Barrett esophagus
Flashcard 192: Hairy leukoplakia is a squamous cell hyperplasia (not dysplasia) induced by _____ infection
Answer: EBV
Flashcard 193: Are colonic diverticula typically true or false diverticula? _____
Answer: False (only involves mucosa and submucosa)
Flashcard 194: Celiac disease is characterized histologically by increased intraepithelial _____
Answer: lymphocytes
Flashcard 195: In patients with hereditary lactose intolerance, intestinal biopsy reveals _____ mucosa
Answer: normal
Flashcard 196: Which type of gastric carcinoma (intestinal or diffuse) is more common? _____
Answer: Intestinal type
Flashcard 197: _____ colonic polyps are growths of normal colonic tissue with distorted architecture
Answer: Hamartomatous
Flashcard 198: What is the most common type of colonic polyp? _____
Answer: Hyperplastic polyp
Flashcard 199: In severe cases of acute viral hepatitis, adjacent lobules are interconnected by swaths of dead hepatocytes called '_____'.
Answer: bridging necrosis
Flashcard 200: _____ gastritis occurs due to acidic damage to the stomach mucosa
Answer: Acute
Flashcard 201: What GI pathology is associated with osteomas? _____
Answer: Gardner syndrome
Flashcard 202: What type of gastric ulcer is caused by severe burns? _____
Answer: Curling ulcer
Flashcard 203: What shape do the lesions present as in Entamoeba histolytica? _____
Answer: Flask-shaped
Flashcard 204: Secondary biliary cholangitis may be complicated by ascending _____
Answer: cholangitis
Flashcard 205: Angio-_____ is an acquired malformation resulting in tortuous dilation of vessels of the GI tract
Answer: dysplasia
Flashcard 206: What type of colonic polyp is small (< 5 mm) and resembles normal mucosa? _____
Answer: Mucosal polyps (clinically insignificant)
Flashcard 207: Is the intestinal metaplasia seen with H. pylori gastritis reversible? _____
Answer: Yes (resolves with treatment of infection)
Flashcard 208: Which type of gastric carcinoma (diffuse or intestinal) is associated with Krukenberg tumor? _____
Answer: Diffuse
Flashcard 209: _____ gastric ulcers are usually small (< 3 cm), sharply demarcated ("punched-out"), and surrounded by radiating folds of mucosa
Answer: Benign
Flashcard 210: Risk factors for colorectal carcinoma include diets with processed _____ and low fiber
Answer: meat
Flashcard 211: Serrated colonic polyps are benign with _____ malignant potential
Answer: some
Flashcard 212: Alcoholic cirrhosis may be associated with _____ around central veins in early disease
Answer: sclerosis
Flashcard 213: Chronic H. pylori gastritis is also referred to as type _____ gastritis
Answer: B
Flashcard 214: Chronic autoimmune gastritis is due to autoimmune destruction of _____ cells
Answer: parietal
Flashcard 215: Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with esophageal injury (e.g. lye/caustic ingestion)? _____
Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Flashcard 216: Does primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) affect intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts? _____
Answer: Both
Flashcard 217: Which type of gastric carcinoma (diffuse or intestinal) is associated with chronic gastritis? _____
Answer: Intestinal
Flashcard 218: Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum can cause _____ hypertension
Answer: portal
Flashcard 219: Chronic gastritis is associated with _____ of the gastric mucosa (hypertrophy or atrophy)
Answer: atrophy
Flashcard 220: Juvenile polyps are benign with _____ malignant potential
Answer: some
Flashcard 221: Distant metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma most commonly involves the _____
Answer: liver
Flashcard 222: _____ disease is characterized by hypertrophied gastric rugae that resemble brain gyri
Answer: Menetrier
Flashcard 223: Crohn disease (IBD) appears grossly with "creeping" _____
Answer: fat
Flashcard 224: Which type of gallstone is associated with alcoholic cirrhosis? _____
Answer: Pigment stones
Flashcard 225: Which zone of the liver is affected by Yellow Fever?_____
Answer: Zone II (intermediate zone)
Flashcard 226: _____ is massive amounts of mucus in the peritoneum
Answer: Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Flashcard 227: _____ hepatitis is associated with inflammation that involves the lobules of the liver and portal tracts; characterized by apoptosis of hepatocytes
Answer: Acute
Flashcard 228: _____ colonic polyps have a "saw-tooth" pattern similar to hyperplastic polyps, but extend to the crypts and involve lateral crypt growth
Answer: Sessile serrated
Flashcard 229: Which type of gastric carcinoma (intestinal or diffuse) is associated with H. pylori infection? _____
Answer: Intestinal
Flashcard 230: Esophagitis with _____ ulcerations is characteristic of HSV-1
Answer: "punched-out"
Flashcard 231: What pathology is characterized by a triad of iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, and a beefy red tongue? _____
Answer: Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Flashcard 232: The N of TNM staging for colorectal carcinoma represents _____
Answer: regional lymph node involvement
Flashcard 233: Esophagitis with _____ ulcerations is characteristic of CMV
Answer: linear
Flashcard 234: _____ -sided colorectal carcinoma usually arises as a result of the microsatellite instability pathway
Answer: Right
Flashcard 235: Which immune cell mediates the tissue damage in Celiac disease? _____
Answer: Helper T cells
Flashcard 236: What GI pathology is associated with the rotavirus vaccine? _____
Answer: Intussusception
Flashcard 237: Which liver zone is affected by yellow fever? _____
Answer: Zone II (intermediate)
Flashcard 238: ~ 10 - 20% of cholesterol gallstones are radiopaque due to _____
Answer: calcifications
Flashcard 239: Whipple disease classically involves the _____ (mucosal layer) of the small bowel
Answer: lamina propria
Flashcard 240: Colonic _____ are raised protrusions of colonic mucosa
Answer: polyps
Flashcard 241: Budd-Chiari syndrome results in congestion and necrosis of the _____ zone of the liver
Answer: centrilobular
Flashcard 242: Histologically, Primary biliary cholangitis is characterized by lymphocytic infiltrate and _____
Answer: granulomas
Flashcard 243: Colonic polyps have a greater risk of progression to carcinoma if they are _____ cm in size
Answer: > 2
Flashcard 244: GVHD of the liver presents with similar histologic findings to what immune disorder?_____
Answer: Primary biliary cholangitis
Flashcard 245: Which part of the esophagus is typically affected by adenocarcinoma? _____
Answer: Lower 1/3rd
Flashcard 246: Acute pancreatitis may be complicated by _____, which are formed by fibrous tissue surrounding liquefactive necrosis and pancreatic enzymes
Answer: pancreatic pseudocysts
Flashcard 247: Celiac disease is associated with increased risk for small bowel carcinoma and _____ lymphoma
Answer: T-cell
Flashcard 248: Which liver zone is affected first by metabolic toxins (e.g. alcohol, tylenol, ethanol, CCl4, halothane, rifampin)? _____
Answer: Zone III (centrilobular)
Flashcard 249: _____ colonic polyps are due to hyperplasia of glands
Answer: Hyperplastic
Flashcard 250: Chronic gastritis is associated with _____ metaplasia
Answer: intestinal
Flashcard 251: Acute pancreatitis results in _____ necrosis of the peripancreatic fat
Answer: fat
Flashcard 252: The hallmark histologic findings of acute _____ hepatitis include hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis with mononuclear infiltration
Answer: viral
Flashcard 253: Which liver zone is affected first by viral hepatitis? _____
Answer: Zone I (periportal)
Flashcard 254: Does a portal vein thrombosis cause histologic changes to the hepatic parenchyma?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 255: Cholelithiasis may arise due to _____ phospholipids and/or bile acids
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 256: _____ cholangitis is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of both intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts
Answer: Primary sclerosing
Flashcard 257: _____ staining or gram-staining of the gastric mucosa can reveal H. pylori
Answer: Silver
Flashcard 258: Which malabsorption syndrome is associated with PAS positive, foamy macrophages? _____
Answer: Whipple disease
Flashcard 259: _____ gastritis occurs due to chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa
Answer: Chronic
Flashcard 260: Cholelithiasis may arise due to _____ of the gallbladder
Answer: stasis
Flashcard 261: Chronic autoimmune gastritis is also referred to as type _____ gastritis
Answer: A
Keywords: GI flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Esophageal pathology
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Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
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Gastric tumors
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Malabsorption syndromes
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Inflammatory bowel diseases
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Intestinal infections
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Diverticular disease
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Vascular disorders of bowel
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Colon polyps and neoplasms
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Appendicitis
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Peritonitis
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Hernia complications
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
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