Cell injury — Flashcards
On this page
Niemann Pick disease may present with progressive _____
Fat necrosis of breast tissue presents as a painless _____ on physical exam
Which layer of the cerebellum is most affected by global cerebral ischemia? _____
Ionizing radiation results in the formation of double-stranded breaks in DNA and _____ which damage DNA
Photoaging results in gradual _____ of the epidermis, allowing the stratum corneum to become dessicated
Defects in the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been implicated in some cases of _____ disease
_____ necrosis is characteristic of chronic ischemia of the lower limb and GI tract
Are patients with metastatic calcifications usually normocalcemic? _____
Deposits of lipofuscin are commonly found in the _____, heart, colon, kidney, and eye of elderly individuals; and are caused by lipid peroxidation
1. Disaggregation of polysomes (dissociation of rRNA from mRNA) 2. Myofibril relaxation 3. Disaggregation of nuclear granules & clumping of nuclear chromatin 4. Triglyceride droplet accumulation 5. Glycogen loss The above changes are signs of _____ myocyte injury
Hint: reversible/irreversible
Cell injury US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Cell injury with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Cell injury Flashcard Deck - 273 Cards
Flashcard 1: Niemann Pick disease may present with progressive _____
Answer: neurodegeneration
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: Fat necrosis of breast tissue presents as a painless _____ on physical exam
Answer: mass
Extra: * Necrosis may be tender and painful, as well; "irregular breast mass" Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: Which layer of the cerebellum is most affected by global cerebral ischemia? _____
Answer: Purkinje layer
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 4: Ionizing radiation results in the formation of double-stranded breaks in DNA and _____ which damage DNA
Answer: hydroxyl free radicals
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: Photoaging results in gradual _____ of the epidermis, allowing the stratum corneum to become dessicated
Answer: thinning
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: Defects in the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been implicated in some cases of _____ disease
Answer: Parkinson
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: _____ necrosis is characteristic of chronic ischemia of the lower limb and GI tract
Answer: Gangrenous
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: Are patients with metastatic calcifications usually normocalcemic? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: Deposits of lipofuscin are commonly found in the _____, heart, colon, kidney, and eye of elderly individuals; and are caused by lipid peroxidation
Answer: liver
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Lipofuscin Photomicrograph of cardiac myocytes (H&E stain; 100x magnification) Lipofuscin (green overlay) is visible as fine, yellow-brown granules in the perinuclear region of the central cardiac myocyte. The finding of lipofuscin usually indicates the physiological aging of cells. Atlas:
Flashcard 10: 1. Disaggregation of polysomes (dissociation of rRNA from mRNA) 2. Myofibril relaxation 3. Disaggregation of nuclear granules & clumping of nuclear chromatin 4. Triglyceride droplet accumulation 5. Glycogen loss The above changes are signs of _____ myocyte injury
Answer: reversible
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Caseous necrosis is a combination of _____ and _____ necrosis
Answer: coagulative
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: In osteoarthritis, activated chondrocytes release _____, which induces destruction of ECM cartilage and chondrocytes
Answer: Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)
Extra: * cartilage extracellular matrix contains type II collagen Watch Osteoarthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-osteoarthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: What cell type enters G1 from G0 when stimulated? _____
Answer: Stable (quiescent)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: Which cellular change is characterized by an increased size of cells? _____
Answer: Hypertrophy
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: The initial "proliferative" phase of wound repair is characterized by deposition of _____ tissue
Answer: granulation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: What is seen on liver biopsy in Yellow fever? _____
Answer: Councilman bodies
Extra: Watch Flaviviridae overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-flaviviridae-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: Leakage of cytosolic enzymes into the serum is a characteristic of _____ cell injury
Answer: irreversible
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: One theory behind the etiology of endometriosis is _____ transformation of multipotent cells
Answer: metaplastic
Extra: * This is basically inappropriate differentiation of pluripotent stem cells Watch Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) & Endometriosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-aub-and-endometriosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Severe global cerebral ischemia results in diffuse _____; survival leads to a "vegetative state"
Answer: necrosis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 20: A(n) _____ is detected with FISH as no fluorescence on a chromosome compared to fluorescence at the same locus on the second copy of that chromosome
Answer: microdeletion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: _____ are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and involve a nucleus with a 'raisin-like' shape
Answer: Koilocytes
Extra: Watch Human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cervical Neoplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: After 30 minutes of total myocardial ischemia, is ischemic injury reversible? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch Myocardial Response To Ischemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: Gaucher disease is characterized by "Gaucher cells" which are lipid-laden macrophages resembling _____
Answer: crumpled tissue paper
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 24: Acute tubular necrosis due to ischemic injury is often preceded by _____
Answer: prerenal azotemia
Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: Fat necrosis of breast tissue is usually related to _____, but a history of such is not always reported
Answer: trauma
Extra: Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: What histological stain is used to visualize iron? _____
Answer: Prussian blue
Extra: * differentiates lipofuscin because iron turns blue wheras lipofuscin stays brown with prussian blue stain Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-ii-chronic-decompensation?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 27: Which type of necrosis is characterized by necrotic damage to blood vessel walls? _____
Answer: Fibrinoid necrosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: The coarse yellowish-brown pigment in hepatocytes / kupffer cells from hemochromatosis may be distinguished from lipofuscin by staining with _____
Answer: Prussian blue
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 29: In G6PD deficiency, oxidative stress precipitates denaturated hemoglobin as _____
Answer: Heinz bodies
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 30: Proximal to a site of CNS or PNS axon injury there is _____ degeneration
Answer: retrograde
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: _____-vascular hemolysis involves destruction of RBCs within vessels
Answer: Intra
Extra: Watch Intravascular Hemolysis Overiew & Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 32: In coagulative necrosis, injury denatures _____
Answer: proteolytic enzymes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: What type of infarct occurs with venous occlusion, tissues with multiple blood supplies (e.g. liver, lungs, intestine, testes), or reperfusion? _____
Answer: Red (hemorrhagic) infarct
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: Which feature of cell death is characterized by nuclear condensation? _____
Answer: Pyknosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: Which mechanism of cell death involves death of single cells or small groups of cells? _____
Answer: Apoptosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: Metaplasia occurs via reprogramming of _____ cells, which then produce the new cell type
Answer: stem
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: What inclusion body may be seen inside the RBCs of patients with G6PD deficiency? _____
Answer: Heinz bodies
Extra: Watch G6PD Deficiency & Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-fatty-acid-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki visible on peripheral smear after using a crystal violet dye Atlas:
Flashcard 38: _____ is a cause of O2 deprivation due to a loss of blood flow (e.g. impeded arterial flow, decreased venous drainage)
Answer: Ischemia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: _____ involves gene activation, protein synthesis, and production of organelles
Answer: Hypertrophy
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: Sudden onset hydronephrosis may cause renal papillary _____
Answer: necrosis
Extra: Watch Hydronephrosis & Urinary Tract Obstruction [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-hydronephrosis-and-urinary-tract-obstruction?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: Destroyed muscle cells release large amounts of _____ and purines, which lead to acute tubular necrosis
Answer: myoglobin
Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: The conversion of prions from PrPc (normal) to PrPsc (diseased) can be _____, inherited, or transmitted
Answer: sporadic
Extra: Watch Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, Parkinsons Disease & Huntingtons Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-parkinsons-disease-and-huntingtons-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 43: _____ have characteristic perinuclear halos that are hallmarks of HPV infections
Answer: Koilocytes
Extra: * Very apparent in Condyloma Acuminatum Watch Human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cervical Neoplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Testicular torsion causes _____ infarction of the testicle
Answer: hemorrhagic
Extra: * due to arterial compression and edema (causes hemorrhagic necrosis) Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: Amyloid may be visualized using _____ staining
Answer: Congo red
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: Reperfusion of irreversibly-damaged cells post-MI may result in _____ influx, leading to hypercontraction of myofibrils (contraction band necrosis)
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki recognizable as pink bands
Flashcard 47: Plasma membrane damage in irreversible cellular injury results in entry of _____ ions into the cell
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: What type of tissue is comprised of cells that can re-enter the cell cycle to regenerate tissue when necessary? _____
Answer: Stable (quiescent)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: While deep partial thickness burns _____ heal without scarring, simple partial thickness burns _____ heal without scarring
Answer: do not
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: In G6PD deficiency, Heinz bodies are removed from RBCs by splenic macrophages, resulting in formation of _____ cells
Answer: bite
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 51: Which two viruses can present with councilman bodies on liver biopsy? _____
Answer: HAV; Yellow Fever
Extra: Watch Flaviviridae overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-flaviviridae-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: Epstein-Barr Virus is associated with _____ cells on blood smear
Answer: Downey type II atypical CD8+ cytotoxic T
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: Chromatolysis is concurrent with _____ degeneration
Answer: Wallerian
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 54: Acute tubular necrosis is caused by _____ or nephrotoxic injury
Answer: ischemic
Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Biopsy of breast tissue with fat necrosis shows necrotic fat with associated calcifications and _____ cells
Answer: giant
Extra: Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: Which mechanism of cell death is an ATP-dependent programmed cell death? _____
Answer: Apoptosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: Which type of necrosis is associated with TB, fungal, and Nocardia lung abscesses? _____
Answer: Caseous
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Can amyloid be removed from an organ once it has deposited? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-amyloidosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: What is the histological appearance of papillary apocrine change? _____
Answer: Granular ductal epithelial cells (purple)
Extra: * Similar to apocrine glands, but NOT apocrine glands https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: Negri bodies (rabies virus) are found within the _____
Answer: cytoplasm
Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: Which cellular adaptation is usually preceded by persistent metaplasia or pathologic hyperplasia? _____
Answer: Dysplasia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: Why do columnar cells undergo benign squamous metaplasia at the cervical squamocolumnar junction? _____
Answer: Acidic pH (3.8-4.5) in the vagina (due to lactobacilli there)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: _____ is a yellow-brown "wear and tear" pigment associated with normal aging
Answer: Lipofuscin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 64: Reversible cellular injury is characterized ultrastructurally by _____ detachment and polysomal detachment, leading to decreased protein synthesis
Answer: ribosomal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: Vitamin _____ deficiency can result in metaplasia
Answer: A
Extra: Watch Vitamin A [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-a?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: Which feature of cell death is characterized by nuclear dissolution? _____
Answer: Karyolysis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Which cellular change is characterized by a decrease in tissue mass due to decrease in size or number of cells? _____
Answer: Atrophy
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: Does angina cause myocyte necrosis? _____
Answer: No, damage is reversible
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: Which type of necrosis is characterized by fragmented cells/debris surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages? _____
Answer: Caseous necrosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: CMV can present with inclusion bodies said to look like _____
Answer: "owl's eyes"
Extra: Watch Cytomegalovirus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-cytomegalovirus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: Mitochondrial _____ signifies irreversible cellular injury
Answer: vacuolization
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: Which part of the cell does lipofuscin accumulate? _____
Answer: Lysosomes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 73: Apoptosis results in the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are subsequently phagocytosed by _____
Answer: macrophages
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Chronic irritation of the bladder can cause _____ metaplasia, which may progress to _____ cell carcinoma
Answer: squamous
Extra: Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: Microscopic analysis of avascular necrosis affected bone reveals dead bony trabeculae with _____
Answer: empty lacunae
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: Which cellular change is characterized by disordered, non-neoplastic cellular growth? _____
Answer: Dysplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: Compared to younger spherocytes, older spherocytes are _____
Answer: smaller
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 78: What is the hallmark of reversible cellular injury? _____
Answer: Swelling
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: Pancreatic beta cells that are unable to sustain a state of increased insulin production in type 2 DM is known as "_____"
Answer: β cell burnout
Extra: * leads to a relative insulin deficiency https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: Which type of necrosis is associated with bacterial (e.g. Klebsiella) lung abscesses? _____
Answer: Liquefactive
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: Hepatic steatosis is characterized by _____-vesicular fatty change
Answer: macro
Extra: Watch Alcoholic & Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-alcoholic-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Steatohepatitis Photomicrograph of hepatic tissue (H&E stain) There are irregularly distributed and ballooned hepatocytes. Displacement of the cytoplasm by globular vacuoles can also be seen (green overlay), as well as diffusely distributed, inflammatory granulomatous infiltrates (red overlay). These consist of lymphocytes, granulocytes, Kupffer cells, histiocytes, and numerous other cells. Diagnosis: steatohepatitis Atlas:
Flashcard 82: Which mechanism of cell death is NOT followed by inflammation? _____
Answer: Apoptosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: Fat necrosis of breast tissue presents as a(n) _____ on mammography
Answer: calcified oil cyst
Extra: Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: What is the end result of irreversible cell injury? _____
Answer: Cell death
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Liver biopsy of a patient with hemochromatosis reveals accumulation of _____ pigment in hepatocytes
Answer: brown
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 86: What is the effect of acute tubular necrosis on GFR? _____
Answer: Decreased GFR
Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 87: In ATN, ischemia damages endothelial cells resulting in _____ NO and _____ endothelin
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: What cytoskeletal component is impaired in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome? _____
Answer: Microtubules
Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: Which lysosomal storage disease is characterized by a cherry red spot on the macula and hepatosplenomegaly? _____
Answer: Niemann Pick disease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: Which mechanism of cell death is an inflammatory process? _____
Answer: Necrosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: Vitamin A prevents _____ metaplasia
Answer: squamous
Extra: Watch Vitamin A [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-a?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: What is the hallmark of irreversible cellular injury? _____
Answer: Membrane damage
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: Which feature of cell death is characterized by nuclear fragmentation? _____
Answer: Karyorrhexis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: After penetrating the cribriform plate, mucormycosis continues to proliferate in the blood vessels, causing _____ of tissues
Answer: necrosis
Extra: Watch Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp. (mucormycetes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-mucor-spp-rhizopus-spp-mucormycetes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: Which cellular change typically occurs after chronic exposure to an irritant, such as gastric acid or smoke? _____
Answer: Metaplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: One histological feature seen after an ischemic stroke is the presence of _____, which appear between 12 - 24 hours
Answer: red neurons
Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 97: Which virus/viral family will have cytoplasmic, eosinophilic inclusions within neuronal cells? _____
Answer: Rabies virus Negri bodies
Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: Which metaplasia carries no increased risk for malignancy? _____
Answer: Apocrine metaplasia of breast
Extra: Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: One histological feature seen after an ischemic stroke is the presence of a(n) _____, which appears after 2 weeks
Answer: glial scar
Extra: * Macroscopically: Cystic area surrounded by dense glial fibers (>1 month) Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 100: What HLA subtypes are associated with type I diabetes mellitus? _____ and _____
Answer: DR3
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: Parvovirus B19 binds P blood group antigen, expressed in high levels by _____ cells
Answer: erythroid progenitor
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: Chromatolysis is characterized by displacement of the _____ to the periphery
Answer: nucleus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: In burns, the zone of stasis / edema has decreased perfusion due to _____
Answer: microvascular thrombosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: Gangrenous necrosis is a form of _____ necrosis
Answer: coagulative
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: _____ membrane damage in irreversible cell injury results in hydrolytic enzymes leaking into the cytosol
Answer: Lysosome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: In fat necrosis, fatty acids bind to Ca2+ via a process called _____
Answer: saponification
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: Saponification of fat appears _____ on H&E stain
Answer: dark blue
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: Which type of necrosis is characterized by a chalky-white appearance due to deposition of Ca2+? _____
Answer: Fat necrosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: Patients with renal artery stenosis may eventually develop renal _____
Answer: atrophy
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by intrinsic disruption (during embryonic period)? _____
Answer: Malformation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Does extravascular hemolysis present with hemoglobinuria and/or hemosiderinuria? _____
Answer: No
Extra: * because the hemoglobin remains intracellular (inside macrophage that phagocytosed RBC) Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 112: The _____ screen causes cells with any amount of HbS to sickle
Answer: metabisulfite
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 113: Which cellular change is characterized by failure of cell production during embryogenesis? _____
Answer: Aplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: Which type of WBC is the most sensitive to radiation? _____
Answer: Lymphocytes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: Cellular injury is characterized by _____ activity of the Na+-K+ and Ca2+ pumps
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: Is the neuronal injury due to cerebral ischemia reversible or irreversible? _____
Answer: Irreversible
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 117: The MRI below shows bilateral hyperintensity in the _____
Answer: globus pallidus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: Leukemoid reaction refers to > 50,000 leukocyte count (mature neutrophils) often in response to _____
Answer: infection
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: Anisocytosis = variation in RBC _____
Answer: size
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: Pathological findings of Reye syndrome (virus and aspirin) include _____ of hepatocytes
Answer: microvesicular steatosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: ATN causes: _____ Toxins (drugs, myoglobin, Ig) Contrast induced
Answer: Prolonged ischemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: Granular "muddy brown" casts in urine is characteristic of _____
Answer: acute tubular necrosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/urology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: _____ is characterized by myocyte necrosis, which may manifest clinically as lower limb swelling and pain
Answer: Rhabdomyolysis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neuron _____
Answer: Lewy body
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: In diabetes patients, _____ and _____ neuropathy occur as a result of osmotic damage to Schwann cells
Answer: "glove and stocking" peripheral
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: Muddy brown casts in the urine are diagnostic of _____
Answer: acute tubular necrosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: _____ necrosis is a hallmark of prolonged seizures and can lead to persistent neurologic deficits and recurrent seizures
Answer: Cortical laminar
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a head CT revealing numerous small punctate hemorrhages at the gray-white junction? _____
Answer: Diffuse axonal injury
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: Cotton-wool spots are funduscopic findings of hypertensive retinopathy that result from _____ of the nerve fiber layer in the retina
Answer: infarctions
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: Lead poisoning causes a(n) _____ anemia
Answer: microcytic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: Crystals and _____ cells on urine microscopy are findings consistent with crystal-induced acute kidney injury
Answer: white blood
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: These toes show significant _____, likely due to ischemia
Answer: gangrene
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: What pathologic RBC is seen with end-stage renal disease and liver disease? _____
Answer: Echinocyte ("burr cell")
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: _____ edema is caused by the failure of ATP-dependent transport of sodium and calcium ions across the cell membrane, causing accumulation of water and swelling _____ edema is caused by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier
Answer: Cytotoxic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: Painless breast lump 2° to trauma is caused by _____
Answer: fat necrosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein: _____
Answer: Pick bodies (Pick's Disease) and Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: _____ presents with a triad of peripheral neuropathy, angiokeratomas, and hypohidrosis (lack of sweat)
Answer: Fabry disease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: Niemann Pick disease is characterized by _____ cells, which are lipid-laden macrophages
Answer: foam
Flashcard 139: After penetrating the cribriform plate, mucormycosis continues to proliferate in the blood vessels, causing _____ of tissues
Answer: necrosis
Flashcard 140: Loss of dystrophin (e.g. X-linked muscular dystrophy) results in myo-_____
Answer: necrosis
Flashcard 141: Which type of calcification (dystrophic or metastatic) occurs secondary to injury or necrosis? _____
Answer: Dystrophic
Flashcard 142: What lysosomal storage disease presents with globoid cells?_____
Answer: Krabbe disease
Flashcard 143: Tay-Sachs disease is characterized by an '_____'' appearance to the lysosomes
Answer: onion-skin
Flashcard 144: The cytoplasm of apoptotic cells stains deeply _____-philic
Answer: eosino
Flashcard 145: Chromatolysis is concurrent with _____ degeneration
Answer: Wallerian
Flashcard 146: Is damage in the zone of ischemia reversible (and if yes, does it need treatment)?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 147: Which cells release proteolytic enzymes in response to brain infarction, causing liquefactive necrosis?_____
Answer: Microglial cells
Flashcard 148: Which lysosomal storage disease is characterized by macrophages resembling crumpled tissue paper?_____
Answer: Gaucher disease
Flashcard 149: Lymphopenia may occur with whole body _____
Answer: radiation
Flashcard 150: _____ involves gene activation, protein synthesis, and production of organelles
Answer: Hypertrophy ((hypertrophy or hyperplasia))
Flashcard 151: Familial Mediterranean fever is characterized by _____ deposits in tissues during attacks
Answer: AA amyloid
Flashcard 152: Which lysosomal storage disease is characterized by an "onion skin" lysosome?_____
Answer: Tay-Sachs disease
Flashcard 153: What type of cells are the following examples? _____
Answer: Permanent (Labile, Stable, or Permanent?)
Flashcard 154: In coagulative necrosis, injury denatures _____
Answer: proteolytic enzymes
Flashcard 155: Fibrinoid necrosis is characterized histologically by thick, _____ staining (color) of vessel walls
Answer: bright pink
Flashcard 156: What pathologic RBC is seen with G6PD deficiency?_____
Answer: Degmacyte ("bite cell")
Flashcard 157: Absence of GPI in blood cells leads to absence of DAF and MIRL, thus rendering cells susceptible to _____-mediated destruction
Answer: complement
Flashcard 158: Measles virus commonly presents with _____ giant cells
Answer: Warthin-Finkeldey (proper name)
Flashcard 159: Cutaneous healing by _____ intention leads to minimal scar formation
Answer: primary
Flashcard 160: Which type of necrosis is associated with bacterial (ie: Klebsiella) lung abscesses?_____
Answer: Liquefactive
Flashcard 161: Which mechanism of cell death is an ATP-dependent programmed cell death? _____
Answer: Apoptosis
Flashcard 162: In G6PD deficiency, Heinz bodies are removed from RBCs by splenic macrophages, resulting in formation of _____ cells
Answer: bite
Flashcard 163: Hereditary spherocytosis demonstrates increased spherocyte fragility in _____-tonic solution (osmotic fragility test)
Answer: hypo
Flashcard 164: _____ occurs when there is inadequate blood supply to meet demand
Answer: Ischemia
Flashcard 165: The targetoid appearance of erythema multiforme is due to central epidermal _____, surrounded by erythema
Answer: necrosis
Flashcard 166: Which feature of cell death is characterized by nuclear dissolution? _____
Answer: Karyolysis
Flashcard 167: _____ are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and involve a nucleus with a 'raisin-like' shape.
Answer: Koilocytes
Flashcard 168: Which mechanism of cell death involves death of single cells or small groups of cells? _____
Answer: Apoptosis
Flashcard 169: Which mechanism of cell death is NOT followed by inflammation? _____
Answer: Apoptosis
Flashcard 170: Pathologic generation of free radicals arises with ionizing radiation, which hydrolyzes H2O to _____
Answer: OH-
Flashcard 171: Saponification of fat appears _____ (color) on H&E stain
Answer: dark blue
Flashcard 172: Are patients with metastatic calcifications usually normocalcemic? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 173: Cellular injury is characterized by _____ activity of the Na+-K+ and Ca2+ pumps
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 174: Which liver zone is affected first by ischemia? _____
Answer: Zone III (centrilobular)
Flashcard 175: What RBC morphology is present in hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?_____
Answer: Schistocytes (helmet cells)
Flashcard 176: Heinz bodies form due to precipitation of denatured _____ within RBCs
Answer: globin chains
Flashcard 177: Acute pancreatitis results in _____ necrosis of the pancreas
Answer: liquefactive
Flashcard 178: Which type of calcification (dystrophic or metastatic) occurs in abnormal, necrotic tissues? _____
Answer: Dystrophic
Flashcard 179: Acute tubular necrosis caused by _____ is due to toxic substances
Answer: nephrotoxicity
Flashcard 180: Overdose of acetaminophen causes _____ necrosis
Answer: hepatic
Flashcard 181: Liver biopsy of a patient with hemochromatosis reveals accumulation of _____ pigment (color) in hepatocytes
Answer: brown
Flashcard 182: Which part of the cell does lipofuscin accumulate? _____
Answer: Lysosomes
Flashcard 183: Atrophy via decrease in cell size may occur via _____ of cellular components
Answer: autophagy
Flashcard 184: Which mechanism of cell death involves death of a large group of cells? _____
Answer: Necrosis
Flashcard 185: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is characterized by epidermolysis of the stratum _____
Answer: granulosum
Flashcard 186: Microscopic analysis of avascular necrosis affected bone reveals dead bony trabeculae with _____
Answer: empty lacunae
Flashcard 187: In the late phase of liquefactive necrosis of the _____, cystic spaces and cavitation may be seen
Answer: brain
Flashcard 188: Acute tubular necrosis due to nephrotoxic injury most commonly affects the _____
Answer: proximal tubule
Flashcard 189: One theory behind the etiology of endometriosis is _____ transformation of multipotent cells
Answer: metaplastic
Flashcard 190: What musculoskeletal disorder is characterized by metaplasia of skeletal muscle fibroblasts to bone? _____
Answer: Myositis ossificans
Flashcard 191: What is the end result of irreversible cell injury?_____
Answer: Cell death
Flashcard 192: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by absent organ due to absent primordial tissue?_____
Answer: Agenesis
Flashcard 193: Is damage in the zone of stasis / edema reversible (and if yes, does it need treatment)?_____
Answer: Yes, with treatment
Flashcard 194: Which type of necrosis is associated with TB, fungal, and Nocardia lung abscesses?_____
Answer: Caseous
Flashcard 195: Which cellular change is characterized by disordered, non-neoplastic cellular growth? _____
Answer: Dysplasia
Flashcard 196: Chromatolysis is characterized by displacement of the _____ to the periphery
Answer: nucleus
Flashcard 197: Which type of necrosis is characterized by preserved cell shape and organ structure? _____
Answer: Coagulative necrosis
Flashcard 198: Mitochondrial _____ signifies irreversible cellular injury
Answer: vacuolization
Flashcard 199: The nucleus of apoptotic cells stains deeply _____-philic
Answer: baso
Flashcard 200: Gangrenous necrosis is a form of _____ necrosis
Answer: coagulative
Flashcard 201: What pathology is associated with decreased telomerase activity?_____
Answer: progeria (premature aging)
Flashcard 202: Which type of necrosis resembles mummified tissue?_____
Answer: Gangrenous (dry)
Flashcard 203: Apoptosis is characterized morphologically by cell _____ (size), chromatin condensation, and membrane blebbing
Answer: shrinkage
Flashcard 204: Mutant 1-antitrypsin polymerizes and accumulates in the _____ of hepatocytes, resulting in liver damage (e.g. cirrhosis)
Answer: endoplasmic reticulum
Flashcard 205: Niemann Pick disease may present with progressive _____
Answer: neurodegeneration
Flashcard 206: After 30 minutes of total myocardial ischemia, is ischemic injury reversible?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 207: Which type of necrosis is characterized by necrotic damage to blood vessel walls? _____
Answer: Fibrinoid necrosis
Flashcard 208: What type necrosis is seen with brain infarcts and abscess? _____
Answer: Liquefactive necrosis
Flashcard 209: Which lysosomal storage disease is characterized by "foam cells" (lipid-laden macrophages)?_____
Answer: Niemann Pick disease
Flashcard 210: What is the hallmark of irreversible cellular injury? _____
Answer: Membrane damage
Flashcard 211: Chromatolysis is characterized by dispersion of _____ throughout the cytoplasm
Answer: Nissl substance
Flashcard 212: Hereditary spherocytosis is primarily characterized by _____ hemolysis
Answer: extravascular
Flashcard 213: Which type of necrosis is characterized by a chalky-white appearance due to deposition of Ca2+? _____
Answer: Fat necrosis
Flashcard 214: What inclusion body may be seen inside the RBCs of patients with G6PD deficiency? _____
Answer: Heinz bodies
Flashcard 215: Cowdry bodies are located in the _____
Answer: nucleus
Flashcard 216: Hydronephrosis may lead to the compression and possible _____ of the renal cortex and medulla
Answer: atrophy
Flashcard 217: Which mechanism of cell death is never physiologic*? _____
Answer: Necrosis
Flashcard 218: Spongiform encephalopathy is characterized histologically by intracellular _____ due to damage to neurons and glial cells
Answer: vacuoles
Flashcard 219: Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible? _____
Answer: Reversible
Flashcard 220: Acute tubular necrosis caused by _____ is due to decreased renal blood flow
Answer: ischemia
Flashcard 221: Which mechanism of cell death is an inflammatory process? _____
Answer: Necrosis
Flashcard 222: Is the neuronal injury due to cerebral ischemia reversible or irreversible? _____
Answer: Irreversible
Flashcard 223: Fat necrosis of breast tissue is usually related to _____, but a history of such is not always reported
Answer: trauma
Flashcard 224: The coarse yellowish-brown pigment in hepatocytes / kupffer cells from hemochromatosis may be distinguished from lipofuscin by staining with _____
Answer: Prussian blue
Flashcard 225: In addition to the brain, what other organ may undergo liquefactive necrosis? _____
Answer: Pancreas
Flashcard 226: CMV can present with inclusion bodies said to look like _____
Answer: "owl's eyes"
Flashcard 227: In burns, the zone of stasis / edema has decreased perfusion due to _____
Answer: microvascular thrombosis
Flashcard 228: What type of necrosis may be seen with gangrenous necrosis if superinfection occurs? _____
Answer: Liquefactive necrosis ("wet gangrene")
Flashcard 229: What type of red blood cell is associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia? _____
Answer: Schistocytes ("helmet cells")
Flashcard 230: What cause of free radical injury occurs following thrombolytic therapy? _____
Answer: Reperfusion injury
Flashcard 231: The morphologic hallmark of cell death is loss of the _____
Answer: nucleus
Flashcard 232: _____ membrane damage in irreversible cell injury results in hydrolytic enzymes leaking into the cytosol
Answer: Lysosome
Flashcard 233: What test is performed to screen for G6PD deficiency?_____
Answer: Heinz preparation
Flashcard 234: In -thalassemia major, _____ tetramers precipitate and damage RBCs
Answer: 4
Flashcard 235: Which type of necrosis is characterized by soft, friable necrotic tissue with a "cottage cheese-like" appearance? _____
Answer: Caseous necrosis
Flashcard 236: Which cells release proteolytic enzymes in response to brain abscess, causing liquefactive necrosis?_____
Answer: Neutrophils
Flashcard 237: Which cellular change is characterized by a decrease in tissue mass due to decrease in size or number of cells? _____
Answer: Atrophy
Flashcard 238: Which feature of cell death is characterized by nuclear condensation? _____
Answer: Pyknosis
Flashcard 239: Which type of calcification (dystrophic or metastatic) tends to be localized? _____
Answer: Dystrophic
Flashcard 240: What type of infarct occurs in tissues with a single arterial blood supply (e.g. heart, kidney, spleen)? _____
Answer: Pale (anemic) infarct
Flashcard 241: Are patients with dystrophic calcifications usually normocalcemic? _____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 242: Which virus/viral family will have cytoplasmic, eosinophilic inclusions within neuronal cells?_____
Answer: Rabies virusNegri bodies
Flashcard 243: _____ is caused by infarction of bone and marrow
Answer: Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)
Flashcard 244: What type of infarct occurs with venous occlusion, tissues with multiple blood supplies (e.g. liver, lungs, intestine, testes), or reperfusion? _____
Answer: Red (hemorrhagic) infarct
Flashcard 245: In fat necrosis, fatty acids bind to Ca2+ via a process called _____
Answer: saponification
Flashcard 246: _____ is a misfolded protein that deposits in the extracellular space, resulting in cellular damage and apoptosis
Answer: Amyloid
Flashcard 247: Plasma membrane damage in irreversible cellular injury results entry of _____ ion into the cell
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 248: What is seen on liver biopsy in Yellow fever?_____
Answer: Councilman bodies
Flashcard 249: The A amyloid in Alzheimer's patients may deposit around vessels, causing _____
Answer: amyloid angiopathy
Flashcard 250: Which type of necrosis is characterized by enzymatic lysis of cells and protein, resulting in liquefaction? _____
Answer: Liquefactive necrosis
Flashcard 251: Which Herpesvirus is associated with characteristic Owl's Eye inclusions in infected cells?_____
Answer: CMV
Flashcard 252: Basophilic stippling in RBCs is a result of aggregation of _____
Answer: residual ribosomes
Flashcard 253: Which cellular adaptation is usually preceded by persistent metaplasia or pathologic hyperplasia?_____
Answer: Dysplasia
Flashcard 254: Metaplasia occurs via reprogramming of _____ cells, which then produce the new cell type
Answer: stem
Flashcard 255: Which feature of cell death is characterized by nuclear fragmentation? _____
Answer: Karyorrhexis
Flashcard 256: Does extravascular hemolysis present with hemoglobinuria and/or hemosiderinuria? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 257: What is the hallmark of reversible cellular injury?_____
Answer: Swelling
Flashcard 258: Which type of calcification (dystrophic or metastatic) occurs in normal, non-necrotic tissues? _____
Answer: Metastatic
Flashcard 259: Which type of necrosis is characterized by fragmented cells/debris surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages? _____
Answer: Caseous necrosis
Flashcard 260: Can amyloid be removed from an organ once it has deposited? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 261: What endocrine pathology may cause renal papillary necrosis?_____
Answer: Diabetes mellitus
Flashcard 262: Ovarian streaks in Turner's syndrome are examples of what cellular change?_____
Answer: Hypoplasia
Flashcard 263: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by fatty infiltration of hepatocytes with cellular "_____" and eventual necrosis
Answer: ballooning
Flashcard 264: Leakage of cytosolic enzymes into the serum is a characteristic of _____ cell injury
Answer: irreversible
Flashcard 265: Histologically, Hashimoto thyroiditis may have _____ cells, which are eosinophilic metaplastic cells that line the follicles
Answer: Hurthle
Flashcard 266: Atrophy via decrease in cell number occurs via _____
Answer: apoptosis
Flashcard 267: _____ is a yellow-brown "wear and tear" pigment associated with normal aging
Answer: Lipofuscin
Flashcard 268: Which type of necrosis is characteristic of tuberculous and fungal infections? _____
Answer: Caseous necrosis
Flashcard 269: Do permanent tissues (e.g. cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, nerve) undergo hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia?_____
Answer: Hypertrophy, only
Flashcard 270: Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis may lead to _____ necrosis of the vessel wall with hemorrhage
Answer: fibrinoid
Flashcard 271: Apoptosis results in the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are subsequently phagocytosed by _____
Answer: macrophages
Flashcard 272: Negri bodies (rabies virus) are found within the _____ (organelle)
Answer: cytoplasm
Flashcard 273: In coagulative necrosis, there is increased cytoplasmic binding of _____ stain
Answer: eosin
Keywords: Cell injury flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Reversible cell injury mechanisms
Flashcards
Irreversible cell injury (necrosis)
Flashcards
Types of necrosis (coagulative, liquefactive, etc.)
Flashcards
Apoptosis pathways
Flashcards
Autophagy mechanisms
Flashcards
Cellular adaptations (atrophy, hypertrophy)
Flashcards
Hyperplasia and metaplasia
Flashcards
Dysplasia
Flashcards
Intracellular accumulations
Flashcards
Pathologic calcification
Flashcards
Cellular aging mechanisms
Flashcards
Ischemia-reperfusion injury
Flashcards
Free radical injury
Flashcards
Want unlimited flashcards?
Get full access to all flashcards, spaced repetition, and progress tracking.
Start For Free