Cardiovascular — Flashcards
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What microscopic changes occur during the first 4 hours of a myocardial infarction? _____
Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) and Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses (SCFE) are both causes of _____
Atherosclerotic plaques thicken the intima and impair perfusion of the tunica media resulting in _____ of smooth muscle cells
Microscopic polyangiitis is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis
Late (chronic) lesions of rheumatic heart disease cause mitral _____
Which arteries may be associated with anterolateral myocardial infarction? _____
Hint: 2
In response to fatty streaks in the intima, there is _____ cell migration/proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition
The intimal plaque that causes atherosclerosis consists of a necrotic lipid core (mostly _____) with a(n) fibromuscular cap
Tricuspid atresia leads to right ventricle _____
Aortic dissection is associated with a(n) _____ aortic valve
Cardiovascular US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Cardiovascular with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Cardiovascular Flashcard Deck - 242 Cards
Flashcard 1: What microscopic changes occur during the first 4 hours of a myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: None :)
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) and Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses (SCFE) are both causes of _____
Answer: Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
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Flashcard 3: Atherosclerotic plaques thicken the intima and impair perfusion of the tunica media resulting in _____ of smooth muscle cells
Answer: cystic medial necrosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: Microscopic polyangiitis is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis
Answer: small
Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: Late (chronic) lesions of rheumatic heart disease cause mitral _____
Answer: stenosis
Extra: Watch Mitral Stenosis, Acute Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-stenosis-acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: Which arteries may be associated with anterolateral myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: LAD or LCX
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: In response to fatty streaks in the intima, there is _____ cell migration/proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition
Answer: smooth muscle
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 8: The intimal plaque that causes atherosclerosis consists of a necrotic lipid core (mostly _____) with a(n) fibromuscular cap
Answer: cholesterol
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 9: Tricuspid atresia leads to right ventricle _____
Answer: hypoplasia
Extra: Watch Right to Left Shunts [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-congenital-heart-disease-right-to-left-shunts?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cyanotic-congenital-heart-defects?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/congenital-defects/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: Aortic dissection is associated with a(n) _____ aortic valve
Answer: bicuspid
Extra: Watch Aortic Dissection [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-dissection?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki if you just read this, ur gonna make it!!
Flashcard 11: _____ anemia occurs when RBCs are "sheared" as they cross microthrombi
Answer: Microangiopathic hemolytic
Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki Robbins:
Flashcard 12: The heart is maximally softened _____ to _____ days post-MI
Answer: 7
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: What gross changes occur months after an MI? _____
Answer: White scar
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: Thrombosis is characterized by _____, which are alternating layers of platelets/fibrin and RBCs
Answer: lines of Zahn
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/peripheral-venous-and-arterial-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: Amyloid angiopathy increases risk for intracranial _____
Answer: hemorrhage
Extra: Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-amyloidosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-alzheimer-disease-and-dementia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 16: Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by _____ syndrome, which is an endomyocardial fibrosis with a prominent eosinophilic infiltrate
Answer: Loeffler
Extra: * Prevalent in tropical regions * H &E stain of endomyocardial biopsy in eosinophilic myocarditis: (A) extensive eosinophilic infiltrate involving the endocardium and the myocardium (B) subendocardial granulomas consisting of central amorphous granular material (arrowheads) surrounded by histiocyte-like elements and a marked eosinophilic infiltrate with signs of myocyte necrosis Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: _____ syphilis can present with aortitis, with a characteristic "tree-barking" appearance
Answer: Tertiary
Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: _____ is unique in that vegetations typically present on _____ side(s) of the mitral valve, resulting in regurgitation
Answer: Libman-Sacks (verrucous) endocarditis
Extra: Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-autoimmune-disease-overview-and-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Within atherosclerotic plaques, _____ and _____ produce metalloproteinases to digest extracellular matrix
Answer: macrophages
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: Atherosclerotic plaques contain proliferations of _____ due to upregulation of growth factors
Answer: thin-walled blood vessels
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: What RBC morphology is present in hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)? _____
Answer: Schistocytes (helmet cells)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: _____ dementia is a result of multiple arterial infarcts and/or chronic ischemia (e.g. hypertension, atherosclerosis, vasculitis)
Answer: Vascular
Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Alzheimer Disease & Dementia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-alzheimer-disease-and-dementia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 23: Normocytic anemia with intra-vascular hemolysis may cause leakage of hemoglobin into the _____ and _____
Answer: blood
Extra: *intravascular hemolysis releases free Hb (half the size (32 kDa) vs. intracellular Hb (64 kDa)-> can pass through the GBM -> Red Urine Watch Intravascular Hemolysis Overiew & Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 24: _____ ischemic strokes are due to hypoperfusion or hypoxemia; common during cardiovascular surgeries
Answer: Hypoxic
Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 25: _____ anemia occurs due to damage of RBCs as they pass through obstructed or narrowed vessels (e.g. due to microthrombi)
Answer: Microangiopathic hemolytic
Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 26: Ischemia can occur due to decreased _____ perfusion
Answer: arterial
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: Ristocetin induces platelet aggregation by causing _____ to bind platelet GPIb
Answer: vWF
Extra: Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: Thoracic aortic aneurysm is classically seen in patients with _____ due to endarteritis of the vasa vasorum
Answer: tertiary syphilis
Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 29: In TTP, large, uncleaved vWF multimers lead to increased platelet _____ with consequent microthrombi formation
Answer: adhesion
Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: What pathology is associated with fixed splitting? _____
Answer: Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki Increased blood in right heart delays closure of pulmonary valve (MTA P)
Flashcard 31: Senile cardiac amyloidosis is characterized by deposition of non-mutated _____ protein
Answer: transthyretin (TTR)
Extra: Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-amyloidosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: Glanzmann thrombasthenia presents with _____ platelet count
Answer: normal
Extra: * normal PT & aPTT, as well Watch Qualitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-qualitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: Secondary closed-angle glaucoma is caused by _____ from retinal disease, which induces vasoproliferation in the iris that contracts the angle (e.g. diabetes mellitus, vein occlusion)
Answer: hypoxia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 34: Smooth muscle proliferation and ECM deposition in the arterial intima leads to the formation of fibrous _____ and ultimately complex atheromas
Answer: plaques
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 35: Low vWF in von Willebrand disease impairs platelet _____
Answer: adhesion
Extra: Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: What two underlying pathologies are associated with hyaline arteriolosclerosis? _____
Answer: Benign hypertension, diabetes
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki "Very high yield"
Flashcard 37: Hyaline arteriolosclerosis of the _____ results in atrophy of the aortic media and weakening of the vessel wall
Answer: vasa vasorum
Extra: Watch Aortic Dissection [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-dissection?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 38: Renovascular disease due to _____ typically occurs in the distal 2/3 of the renal artery and/or segmental branches
Answer: fibromuscular dysplasia
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Sickle cell anemia is associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which initially leads to enlargement of the _____
Answer: liver and the spleen
Extra: Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 40: Small vessels supplying the _____ are prone to hypertensive vasculopathy and hemorrhagic stroke
Answer: deep cerebellar nuclei
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: Subendothelial collagen and glycosaminoglycans (form the subendothelial fibrous cap over an atherosclerotic plaque) are potent _____ activators
Answer: platelet
Extra: * may lead to luminal thrombus formation https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial cell dysfunction which allows _____ to leak into the intima
Answer: lipids
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 43: Mitral regurgitation may be seen in _____-sided heart failure due to dilation of the mitral annulus
Answer: left
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: What type of hypertrophy is seen in dilated cardiomyopathy? _____
Answer: Eccentric hypertrophy (sarcomeres added in series)
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: What underlying pathology is associated with hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis? _____
Answer: Severe (malignant) hypertension
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 46: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is due to inhibition or deficiency of the _____ enzyme
Answer: ADAMTS13 (vWF metalloprotease)
Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombocytopenia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: Isolated atrial amyloidosis due to atrial natriuretic peptide is common in normal aging and predisposes to _____
Answer: atrial fibrillation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: Ischemic heart disease is usually due to _____ of coronary arteries
Answer: atherosclerosis
Extra: Watch Myocardial Response To Ischemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 49: What gross changes occur from 1 - 3 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Yellow pallor
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: Antibody binding of platelets in HIT induces degranulation (release of cytokines, platelet factor 4, and ADP), which leads to _____
Answer: arterial or venous thrombosis
Extra: * arterial thrombosis occurs less frequently Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: Thoracic aortic aneurysm is associated with _____ degeneration (e.g. Marfan syndrome)
Answer: cystic medial
Extra: * broken smooth muscle tiles with blue gunk= cystic medial degeneration Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 52: Buerger disease is a segmental thrombosing vasculitis that commonly involves the _____
Answer: digits
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 53: _____ is a longitudinal intimal tear with transmission of blood through the media of the aortic wall
Answer: Aortic dissection
Extra: Watch Aortic Dissection [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-dissection?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 54: What gross changes occur from 4 - 24 hours post-MI? _____
Answer: Dark discoloration
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Which cell may be altered by cytokines and growth factors to gain the ability to phagocytose LDL and cholesterol? _____
Answer: Smooth muscle cells
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: Biopsy of a patient with giant cell (temporal) arteritis reveals _____ fibrosis
Answer: intimal
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 57: Hemophilia A, B and C disrupt which coagulation pathway? _____
Answer: Intrinsic coagulation pathway
Extra: * due to decreased activation of factor 10 Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the GBM results in _____ arteriolosclerosis
Answer: hyaline
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: Endothelial injury may lead to a prothrombotic state due to activation of _____ and _____
Answer: endothelin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: Glanzmann thrombasthenia is characterized by no _____ clumping on blood smear
Answer: platelet
Extra: * specifically, a defect in plate-to-platelet aggregation due to decreased GPIIb/IIIa Watch Qualitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-qualitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: The intimal plaque that causes atherosclerosis often undergoes dystrophic _____
Answer: calcification
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 62: What microscopic changes occur from 3 - 14 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Granulation tissue*
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: Immobilization, cardiac wall dysfunction (arrhythmia, MI), and aneurysm increase risk of _____ due to disruption of blood flow
Answer: thrombosis
Extra: Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/peripheral-venous-and-arterial-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Acute mesenteric ischemia may occur due to a thrombosis of the _____ vein
Answer: mesenteric
Extra: Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: Chronic hypertension causes the left ventricle to undergo _____ hypertrophy due to increased afterload on the heart
Answer: concentric
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: Does myocardial infarction cause myocyte necrosis? _____
Answer: Yes, damage is irreversible
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: _____ arteriolosclerosis is caused by hyperplasia of smooth muscle, resulting in thickening of the vessel wall
Answer: Hyperplastic
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 68: The foam cell from the cholesterol-laden macrophages eventually dies, causing cholesterol to precipitate out, forming a(n) _____ plaque
Answer: atherosclerotic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually arises due to genetic mutations (60-70%), especially in _____ proteins
Answer: sarcomere
Extra: Watch Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: Lipids in the intima of an artery are _____ and then consumed by macrophages via scavenger receptor A receptors
Answer: oxidized
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 71: Macrophages bloated with cholesterol eventually form _____ cells within the subendothelium
Answer: foam
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: Lacunar strokes most commonly involve the _____ vessels, resulting in small cystic areas of infarction
Answer: lenticulostriate
Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 73: Venous congestion and tissue ischemia can result in _____ dermatitis
Answer: venous stasis
Extra: = Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary-hypertension?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis is due to sterile vegetations that arise in association with a(n) hypercoagulable state or underlying _____
Answer: adenocarcinoma
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: Takayasu arteritis is a granulomatous thickening and narrowing of the _____ and proximal great vessels
Answer: aortic arch
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Clinical Features Initial signs and symptoms usually are nonspecific, including fatigue, weight loss, and fever. With progression, vascular signs and symptoms appear and dominate the clinical picture. These include reduced upper-extremity blood pressure and pulse strength; neurologic deficits; and ocular disturbances, including visual field defects, retinal hemorrhages, and total blindness. Distal aorta disease can manifest as leg claudication, and pulmonary artery involvement can cause pulmonary hypertension.
Flashcard 76: Intraparenchymal hemorrhage may be seen with _____ angiopathy, which is characterized by recurrent lobar hemorrhagic strokes in the elderly
Answer: amyloid
Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/aneurysms-and-intracranial-hemorrhage?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 77: _____ is a mutated form of factor V that is resistant to degradation by activated protein C
Answer: Factor V Leiden
Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: _____ cardiomyopathy is characterized by massive ventricular hypertrophy, often with septal predominance
Answer: Hypertrophic
Extra: Watch Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: Which part of the blood vessel wall is affected by atherosclerosis? _____
Answer: Intima
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 80: What microscopic changes occur from 3 - 10 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Macrophage infiltration (acute inflammation)*
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki Key complication is RUPTURE
Flashcard 81: Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis may lead to _____ necrosis of the vessel wall with hemorrhage
Answer: fibrinoid
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 82: Myocarditis, secondary to coxsackie B infection, is characterized by a(n) _____ infiltrate in the myocardium
Answer: lymphocytic
Extra: Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: A mitral valve with diffuse fibrous thickening and distortion, commisural fusion at the leaflet edges, and narrowing of the mitral valve orifice is highly suggestive of what pathology? _____
Answer: Mitral stenosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki Left atrial enlargement Posteroanterior chest x-ray There is straightening of the left heart border (normal configuration is indicated with a dashed line) and the left atrial appendage is convex (AAp). This suggests enlargement of the left atrium (for example, due to mitral stenosis). The breast shadows (green overlay) should not be mistaken for pulmonary edema. (AA = aortic arch, PT = pulmonary trunk, LV = left ventricle).
Flashcard 84: _____ emboli are characterized by squamous cells and keratin debris in the embolus
Answer: Amniotic fluid
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Rheumatic fever is a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction
Answer: II
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: Myxomatous degeneration in the tunica media is found in _____, which predisposes to the development of aortic dissections / aortic aneurysms
Answer: cystic medial degeneration
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: _____ is a post-MI complication that presents as chest pain with friction rub
Answer: Fibrinous pericarditis
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis has an '_____' appearance on histology
Answer: onion-skin
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: Coxsackie B is a virus that causes myocarditis which progresses to _____ cardiomyopathy
Answer: dilated
Extra: Watch Coxsackievirus A & B (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coxsackievirus-a-and-b-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: Microscopic polyangiitis is a necrotizing vasculitis that commonly involves the _____, _____, and skin
Answer: lungs
Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: What microscopic changes occur months after an MI? _____
Answer: Fibrosis
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: Tertiary syphilis destroys the _____, or blood vessels that supply the vessel wall of the aorta
Answer: vasa vasorum
Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: Concentric hypertrophy is often seen in _____ heart failure
Answer: diastolic
Extra: * due to concentric hypertrophy & increased wall thickness Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: What is the most common inherited cause of hypercoagulable state in Caucasians? _____
Answer: Factor V Leiden
Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki due to protein C resistance - factor V stays alive.
Flashcard 95: _____ embolus is due to an atherosclerotic plaque that embolizes
Answer: Atherosclerotic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: Tertiary syphilis disrupts the _____ of the aorta with consequent atrophy of the vessel wall and dilatation of the aorta and valve ring
Answer: vasa vasorum
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 97: _____ is a localized pathologic dilatation of the aorta
Answer: Aortic aneurysm
Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 98: Left-sided heart failure may result in vascular remodeling characterized by _____ proliferation and _____ deposition
Answer: smooth muscle cell
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: A pre-mortem thrombi is distinguishable from a post-mortem thrombi by the presence of _____ and attachment to a vessel wall
Answer: lines of Zahn
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: Subendocardial vacuolization and patchy fibrosis due to severe coronary artery disease may cause _____ disease
Answer: chronic ischemic heart
Extra: Watch Myocardial Response To Ischemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: Myocarditis, secondary to rheumatic fever, is associated with _____, which are granulomas with giant cells and fibrinoid material
Answer: Aschoff bodies
Extra: Watch Mitral Stenosis, Acute Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-stenosis-acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: Fibrinoid necrosis is characteristic of _____ hypertension, vasculitis (e.g. PAN), and preeclampsia
Answer: malignant
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: _____ is an uncommon form of arteriosclerosis that involves calcification of the media of the blood vessel wall
Answer: Monckeberg sclerosis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 104: On biopsy of a heart with myocarditis, a(n) _____ infiltrate with _____ necrosis is highly indicative of viral myocarditis
Answer: lymphocytic
Extra: Watch Myocarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-myocarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by a(n) _____-shaped heart on CXR
Answer: boot
Extra: Watch Right to Left Shunts [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-congenital-heart-disease-right-to-left-shunts?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cyanotic-congenital-heart-defects?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: Vasculitides often present with symptoms of organ ischemia due to _____ of inflamed vessels or luminal narrowing from fibrosis
Answer: thrombosis
Extra: \ Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: The initial phase of myocardial infarction leads to _____ necrosis involving < 50% of the myocardial thickness
Answer: subendocardial
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: Monckeberg sclerosis is _____ and therefore is not clinically significant
Answer: non-obstructive
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 109: What type of arteriolosclerosis is demonstrated in the image below? _____
Answer: Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 110: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of medium and large-sized vessels leads to _____ in diabetic patients
Answer: atherosclerosis
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is commonly due to _____ or myosin-binding protein C mutations
Answer: β-myosin heavy chain
Extra: Watch Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: Trypanosoma cruzi burrows into the _____ to cause dilated cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease
Answer: endocardium
Extra: Watch Trypanosoma cruzi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-trypanosoma-cruzi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is a form of segmenting _____-vessel vasculitis that extends into contiguous veins and nerves
Answer: medium
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 114: Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis classically causes _____ with a 'flea-bitten' appearance
Answer: acute kidney injury
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 115: When subendothelial collagen and glycosaminoglycans are exposed, they contribute to rapid _____ formation
Answer: thrombus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: Ascending aortic aneurysms are most often due to _____ (due to aging) and connective tissue disorders
Answer: cystic medial necrosis
Extra: - Cystic medial degeneration occurs in normal aging, but is accelerated in marfan syndrome Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: Thrombosis is characterized by _____ to a vessel wall
Answer: attachment
Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/peripheral-venous-and-arterial-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: Descending aortic aneurysms are usually due to underlying _____
Answer: atherosclerosis
Extra: * Tunica media has small, cleft-like spaces that become filled with amorphous extracellular matrix Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: Many patients with _____ will demonstrate a hypersensitivity reaction to dermal injection of tobacco extract
Answer: thromboangiitis obliterans
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: At 10 - 14 days post-MI, the following gross changes occur: emergence of the _____; due to granulation tissue entering from the edge of the infarct
Answer: red border
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: What type of endocarditis is associated with SLE? _____
Answer: Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 122: _____ ischemic strokes are due to clot forming directly at the site of infarction, usually over a(n) atherosclerotic plaque
Answer: Thrombotic
Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 123: What microscopic changes occur from 4 - 24 hours post-MI? _____
Answer: Coagulative necrosis
Extra: * 12-24 hours post-MI there is return of blood flow -> abnormally high intracellular Ca2+ -> hypercontraction of dead cardiomyocytes Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: Aortic stenosis may lead to _____ left ventricular hypertrophy, which can further progress to heart failure
Answer: concentric
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: _____ is a form of arteriosclerosis that damages large- and medium-sized vessels due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
Answer: Atherosclerosis
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 126: M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes is similar in structure to _____
Answer: myosin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: Chronic rheumatic heart disease results in stenosis with a classic '_____' appearance
Answer: fish-mouth
Extra: Watch Mitral Stenosis, Acute Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-stenosis-acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: _____ is a form of arteriosclerosis that damages small arteries and arterioles
Answer: Arteriolosclerosis
Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: Myocarditis, secondary to rheumatic fever, is associated with _____, which are reactive histiocytes with slender, wavy nuclei
Answer: Anitschkow cells
Extra: Watch Mitral Stenosis, Acute Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-stenosis-acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki Aschoff body H&E stain of the heart muscle tissue showing a fibroid granulomatous nodule that contains lymphocytes and abnormally enlarged macrophages (Anitschkow cells, arrowheads) in the center of the image (green area). These nodules are a typical finding in rheumatic heart disease and are referred to as Aschoff bodies. Normal heart muscle tissue is seen left and right of the lesion.
Flashcard 130: _____ ischemic strokes are due to clot forming directly at the site of infarction, usually over a(n) atherosclerotic plaque
Answer: Thrombotic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: Mitral stenosis = _____ pulmonary vascular resistance
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: _____ valve is most often affected in rheumatic fever
Answer: Mitral
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: Multiple medium-vessel aneurysms = _____
Answer: polyarteritis nodosa
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: Pericarditis is a common cause of cardiac tamponade _____
Answer: T
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: Chronic hypertension = _____ LV hypertrophy = _____ HF
Answer: concentric
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: Factor V Leiden = ↑ risk of _____
Answer: thrombosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: In developed countries, _____ is the most common cause of mitral valve degeneration and subsequent mitral valve prolapse
Answer: myxomatous valve degeneration
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: Transient ischemic stroke (TIAs) only last a short time because the body's own _____ system dissolves the clot
Answer: fibrinolytic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: Staphylococcus aureus causes _____ endocarditis, which is characterized by large vegetations that destroy the valve
Answer: acute
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: Acute bacterial endocarditis likely indicates _____
Answer: staph. aureus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: What is the pathology of coarctation of the aorta? _____
Answer: Stenosis of the aorta past the great vessels, i.e. a descending stenosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ct-surgery/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: What predisposes patients with right-sided infective endocarditis to pulmonary embolisms? _____
Answer: Colonization of tricuspid valve → tricuspid regurgitation → thrombi formation → embolism
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: Fibrous thickening of the pericardium is characteristic of _____
Answer: constrictive pericarditis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: Lacunar strokes often occur secondary to _____, a complication of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking
Answer: hyaline arteriosclerosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: One clinical feature of aortic regurgitation is _____ circulation due to increased (widened) pulse pressure
Answer: hyperdynamic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: Rheumatic fever = late _____
Answer: mitral stenosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 147: β-myosin heavy-chain (sarcomere) defect is associated with _____
Answer: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: Irreversible sickling in sickle cell anemia leads to complications of vaso-_____
Answer: occlusion
Flashcard 149: Isolated atrial amyloidosis due to atrial natriuretic peptide is common in normal aging and predisposes to _____
Answer: atrial fibrillation
Flashcard 150: Pompe disease is characterized by _____-megaly
Answer: cardio
Flashcard 151: Retinal vein occlusion is caused by blockage of a central or branch retinal vein due to compression from nearby arterial _____
Answer: atherosclerosis
Flashcard 152: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis
Answer: large
Flashcard 153: Takayasu arteritis is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis
Answer: large
Flashcard 154: A mitral valve with diffuse fibrous thickening and distortion, commisural fusion at the leaflet edges, and narrowing of the mitral valve orifice is highly suggestive of what pathology?_____
Answer: Mitral stenosis
Flashcard 155: Intraparenchymal hemorrhage may be seen with _____ angiopathy, which is characterized by recurrent lobar hemorrhagic strokes in the elderly
Answer: amyloid
Flashcard 156: Which vascular layer do saccular (berry) aneurysms lack?_____
Answer: Tunica Media
Flashcard 157: Hyaline arteriolosclerosis results in reduced vessel caliber with end-organ ischemia, which classically produces _____ scarring
Answer: glomerular
Flashcard 158: M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes can result in antigenic response to myosin in _____ muscle
Answer: cardiac
Flashcard 159: _____ are benign hamartomas of cardiac muscle
Answer: Rhabdomyomas
Flashcard 160: What microscopic changes occur from 3 - 10 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Macrophage infiltration (acute inflammation)*
Flashcard 161: What gross changes occur from 4 - 7 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Yellow pallor
Flashcard 162: _____ arteriolosclerosis is caused by hyperplasia of smooth muscle, resulting in thickening of the vessel wall
Answer: Hyperplastic
Flashcard 163: Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms affect _____ vessels (size)
Answer: small
Flashcard 164: What gross changes occur during the first 4 hours of a myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: None
Flashcard 165: _____ is a form of arteriosclerosis that damages small arteries and arterioles
Answer: Arteriolosclerosis
Flashcard 166: Aortic dissection may lead to obstruction of branching arteries, thus causing end-organ _____
Answer: ischemia
Flashcard 167: Glanzmann thrombasthenia presents with _____ bleeding time
Answer: increased
Flashcard 168: A _____ is due to a thrombus that dislodges (most common type of embolus, >95%)
Answer: thromboembolus
Flashcard 169: Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina / MI) usually occurs due to plaque rupture, due to an imbalance of _____ activity
Answer: metalloproteinase
Flashcard 170: Does angina cause myocyte necrosis? _____
Answer: No, damage is reversible
Flashcard 171: Myocarditis can precipitate a mural _____
Answer: thrombus
Flashcard 172: Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis has an '_____' appearance on histology
Answer: onion-skin
Flashcard 173: The degree of shunting in Tetralogy of Fallot is determined by the degree of _____
Answer: stenosis
Flashcard 174: Smooth muscle proliferation and ECM deposition in the arterial intima leads to the formation of fibrous _____ and ultimately complex atheromas
Answer: plaques
Flashcard 175: Mitral valve prolapse (Barlow syndrome) is caused by _____ degeneration of the valve, making it floppy
Answer: myxoid
Flashcard 176: Chronic rheumatic heart disease results in stenosis with a classic '_____' appearance
Answer: fish-mouth
Flashcard 177: Chronic mitral stenosis may result in left _____ dilatation due to volume overload
Answer: atrium
Flashcard 178: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia is often associated with formation of platelet _____ in small vessels
Answer: microthrombi
Flashcard 179: _____ dementia is a result of multiple arterial infarcts and/or chronic ischemia (e.g. hypertension, atherosclerosis, vasculitis)
Answer: Vascular
Flashcard 180: Trypanosoma cruzi burrows into the _____ to cause dilated cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease
Answer: endocardium
Flashcard 181: Which serum immunoglobulin is elevated in Churg-Strauss syndrome?_____
Answer: IgE
Flashcard 182: Amyloid angiopathy increases risk for intracranial _____
Answer: hemorrhage
Flashcard 183: One less common cause of myocardial infarction is _____ (e.g. Kawasaki disease)
Answer: vasculitis
Flashcard 184: _____ is the pathologic formation of an intravascular blood clot
Answer: Thrombosis
Flashcard 185: Late lesions of polyarteritis nodosa are characterized by _____, leading to vessel narrowing
Answer: fibrosis
Flashcard 186: Thoracic aneurysm is associated with inherited _____ disorders
Answer: connective tissue
Flashcard 187: Aortic dissection is associated with inherited _____ disorders
Answer: connective tissue
Flashcard 188: What underlying pathology is associated with hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis? _____
Answer: Severe (malignant) hypertension
Flashcard 189: What is a common cause of death in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? _____
Answer: Dilated cardiomyopathy
Flashcard 190: _____ anemia occurs due to damage of RBCs as they pass through obstructed or narrowed vessels (e.g. due to microthrombi)
Answer: Microangiopathic hemolytic
Flashcard 191: Trypanosomes found on cardiac biopsy is indicative of _____
Answer: Chagas disease
Flashcard 192: Thrombosis is characterized by _____ to a vessel wall
Answer: attachment
Flashcard 193: Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms are common and associated with chronic _____
Answer: hypertension
Flashcard 194: Metastases to the heart most commonly involve the pericardium, resulting in a pericardial _____
Answer: effusion
Flashcard 195: Diastolic dysfunction (heart failure) occurs due to decreased _____, often secondary to myocardial concentric hypertrophy
Answer: compliance
Flashcard 196: TTP and HUS present with _____ platelet count
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 197: Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis often results in sterile vegetations on the _____ valve along lines of closure, which results in regurgitation
Answer: mitral
Flashcard 198: Hyaline arteriolosclerosis of the _____ results in atrophy of the aortic media and weakening of the vessel wall
Answer: vasa vasorum
Flashcard 199: 3 - 10 days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage, _____ can occur in the areas surrounding the ruptured aneursym, which may cause an ischemic infarct
Answer: vasospasm
Flashcard 200: Sturge-Weber syndrome affects small, _____-sized blood vessels
Answer: capillary
Flashcard 201: Biospy of a patient with giant cell (temporal) arteritis reveals _____ fibrosis
Answer: intimal
Flashcard 202: What microscopic changes occur from 4 - 24 hours post-MI? _____
Answer: Coagulative necrosis
Flashcard 203: What microscopic changes occur from 3 - 14 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Granulation tissue*
Flashcard 204: What type of hypertrophy is seen in dilated cardiomyopathy? _____
Answer: Eccentric hypertrophy (sarcomeres added in series)
Flashcard 205: Polyarteritis nodosa is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis
Answer: medium
Flashcard 206: What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults? _____
Answer: Myxoma
Flashcard 207: The combination of dilatation (aneurysms) and narrowing (fibrosis) in polyarteritis nodosa gives blood vessels a _____ appearance on imaging
Answer: "string of pearls"
Flashcard 208: Early lesions of polyarteritis nodosa are characterized by transmural inflammation with _____
Answer: fibrinoid necrosis
Flashcard 209: Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by _____ of the pulmonary trunk
Answer: atherosclerosis
Flashcard 210: What gross changes occur from 1 - 3 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Yellow pallor
Flashcard 211: What ABO type is the universal donor of plasma?_____
Answer: Type AB
Flashcard 212: Immobilization, cardiac wall dysfunction (arrhythmia, MI), and aneurysm increase risk of _____ due to disruption of blood flow
Answer: thrombosis
Flashcard 213: Carbon Monoxide poisoning is associated with which cardiac pathology?_____
Answer: Myocarditis
Flashcard 214: _____ is the failure of the pulmonic valve orifice to develop
Answer: Pulmonary Atresia
Flashcard 215: Tricuspid atresia leads to right ventricle _____
Answer: hypoplasia
Flashcard 216: What microscopic changes occur months after an MI? _____
Answer: Fibrosis
Flashcard 217: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial cell dysfunction which allows _____ to leak into the intima
Answer: lipids
Flashcard 218: What gross changes occur months after an MI? _____
Answer: white scar
Flashcard 219: Atherosclerosis may cause weakening of the blood vessel wall, which can result in _____
Answer: aneurysm
Flashcard 220: Aortic dissection may result in _____ into the mediastinum, causing fatal hemorrhage
Answer: rupture
Flashcard 221: Macrophage consumption of oxidized lipids in the intima results in _____ cell formation and "fatty streaks"
Answer: foam
Flashcard 222: _____ is defined as the hardening of arteries, with arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity
Answer: Arteriosclerosis
Flashcard 223: What microscopic changes occur during the first 4 hours of a myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: None
Flashcard 224: What stain can you use to observe infarcted tissue of the heart on biopsy?_____
Answer: Triphenyltetrazolium chloride stain
Flashcard 225: The most common cause of aortic stenosis is _____ from "wear and tear"
Answer: degenerative calcification
Flashcard 226: _____ is a form of arteriosclerosis that damages large- and medium-sized vessels due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
Answer: Atherosclerosis
Flashcard 227: anti-M protein antibodies are the cause of _____
Answer: Rheumatic Fever
Flashcard 228: The major determinant of whether or not a coronary artery plaque will cause ischemic myocardial injury is the rate of _____
Answer: arterial occlusion
Flashcard 229: Decreased ADAMSTS13 (e.g. TTP) is usually due to an acquired _____
Answer: autoantibody
Flashcard 230: The foam cell from the cholesterol-laden macrophages eventually dies, causing cholesterol to precipitate out, forming an _____ plaque
Answer: atherosclerotic
Flashcard 231: Monckeberg sclerosis is _____ and therefore is not clinically significant
Answer: non-obstructive
Flashcard 232: The intimal plaque that causes atherosclerosis often undergoes dystrophic _____
Answer: calcification
Flashcard 233: What gross changes occur from 4 - 24 hours post-MI? _____
Answer: Dark discoloration
Flashcard 234: The lesions of giant cell (temporal) arteritis are _____, therefore diagnosis requires biopsy of a long segment of the vessel
Answer: segmental
Flashcard 235: _____ arteriolosclerosis is caused by proteins leaking into the vessel wall, producing vascular thickening
Answer: Hyaline
Flashcard 236: Fibromuscular dysplasia results in the irregular thickening of medium/large arteries which manifests as a "_____" appearance on imaging
Answer: string of beads
Flashcard 237: Macrophages bloated with cholesterol eventually form _____ cells within the subendothelium
Answer: foam
Flashcard 238: What is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage in children?_____
Answer: Brain arteriovenous malformation
Flashcard 239: Mutations that cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy most commonly have an _____ inheritance pattern
Answer: autosomal dominant
Flashcard 240: The initial phase of myocardial infarction leads to _____ necrosis involving < 50% of the myocardial thickness
Answer: subendocardial
Flashcard 241: Which part of the blood vessel wall is affected by atherosclerosis? _____
Answer: Intima
Flashcard 242: Occasionally, chronic rheumatic heart disease involves the aortic valve, leading to _____ of the commissures
Answer: fusion
Keywords: Cardiovascular flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Atherosclerosis
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Ischemic heart disease
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Myocardial infarction pathology
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Hypertensive heart disease
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Congenital heart defects
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Valvular heart disease
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Rheumatic heart disease
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Infective endocarditis
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Myocarditis and cardiomyopathies
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Pericardial diseases
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Aneurysms and dissections
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Vasculitis
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Cardiac tumors
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