Gram-positive — Flashcards

Gram-positive US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Gram-positive with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Gram-positive Flashcard Deck - 243 Cards

Flashcard 1: Gas gangrene

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Extra: alpha toxin causes myonecrosis and hemolysis

Flashcard 2: Clostridium perfringens

Answer: +

Extra: bacillianerobegangrenealpha toxin

Flashcard 3: Clostridium botulinum

Answer: +

Extra: bacillianerobebotulism, floppy baby syndromebotulinum toxin

Flashcard 4: Clostridium tetani

Answer: +

Extra: bacillianerobetetanustetanospasmin

Flashcard 5: ___, _, and ___ are important spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria found in soil.

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Flashcard 6: diptheria

Answer: Corynebacterium diptheriae

Extra: exotoxin inhibits protein synthesispseudomembraneous pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, myocarditis, arrhythmias

Flashcard 7: Cornyebacterium diptheriae

Answer: +

Extra: bacilliblack colonies on cystine-tellurite agardiptheria

Flashcard 8: Streptococcus bovis

Answer: +

Extra: coccusnone-growth on bile, not 6.5% NaClbacteremia, subacute endocarditis in colon cancer patients

Flashcard 9: Enterococcus faecalis/faecium

Answer: +

Extra: coccinone-growth in both 6.5% NaCl and bileUTI, biliary tract infection, subacute endocarditis

Flashcard 10: Streptococcus agalactiae

Answer: +

Extra: coccibeta-bacitracinmainly in neonates: pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis

Flashcard 11: scarlet fever

Answer: S. pyogenes infection

Extra: erythematous rash sparing face, strawberry tongue, erythematous throat

Flashcard 12: Group A strep are _____ to bacitracin.

Answer: sensitive

Flashcard 13: Group B strep are _____ to bacitracin.

Answer: resistant

Flashcard 14: Strep pyogenes is a Group _____ streptococcus.

Answer: A

Flashcard 15: Staphylococcus aureus

Answer: +

Extra: cocci in clusters++skin infections, abcesses, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning

Flashcard 16: Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST) is a superantigen that binds to _ and _.

Answer: MHC II

Flashcard 17: toxic shock syndrome

Answer: Staph aureus toxin

Extra: fever, vomiting, rash, desquamation, shock, and organ failure in the setting of Staph aureus infection

Flashcard 18: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer: +

Extra: cocci+-novobiocininfects prosthetic devices, IV catheters, contaminates blood cultures

Flashcard 19: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer: +

Extra: lancet-shaped diplococci-optochinmeningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis

Flashcard 20: Clostridium difficile

Answer: +

Extra: bacillianerobepseudomembraneous colitismetronidazole or oral vancomycinToxin A, Toxin B

Flashcard 21: Strep pneumo is associated with a _____ colored sputum.

Answer: rusty

Flashcard 22: Bacillus cereus

Answer: +

Extra: bacilliaerobefood poisoning (reheated rice syndrome): emetic or diarrheal typecereulide

Flashcard 23: Actinomyces spp.

Answer: +

Extra: branching filaments resembling fungianerobenot acid fastoral/facial abcessespenicillin

Flashcard 24: Gram positive organisms stain _____.

Answer: purple/blue

Flashcard 25: Viridans streptococci

Answer: +

Extra: coccialpha-optochin resistantdental caries (S. mutans), bacterial endocarditis (S. sanguis)

Flashcard 26: Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer: +

Extra: coccibeta-bacitracinpharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 27: acute mastitis

Answer: most commonly S. aureus infection

Extra: breast feeding

Flashcard 28: What organisms express the bacterial virulence factor: M protein?

Answer: group A Strep (aka S. pyogenes)

Flashcard 29: What pigment is produced by S. aureus?

Answer: yellow-gold mnemonic: it's in the name, man!

Flashcard 30: What culture medium is used to isolate C. diphtheriae?

Answer: Loffler's media on Tellurite plate

Flashcard 31: exotoxin A (S.pyo)

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes

Extra: superantigenMHCII stimulation, overwhelming release of IFN-γ and IL-2rash, fever, shock (i.e. toxic shock)

Flashcard 32: toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: superantigenMHCII stimulation, overwhelming release of IFN-γ and IL-2rash, fever, shock (i.e. toxic shock)

Flashcard 33: streptolysin O

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes

Extra: lyses cell membranesdegrades cell membranesβ-hemolysis

Flashcard 34: alpha toxin

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Extra: lyses cell membranesphospholipase degrades cell membranes and tissuesmyonecrosis and hemolysis

Flashcard 35: diptheria toxin

Answer: Corynebacterium diptheriae

Extra: protein synthesis inhibitorinactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2)pseudomembraneous pharyngitis, severe lymphadenopathy

Flashcard 36: Give some diseases caused by exotoxins.

Answer: tetanus, botulism, diptheria

Flashcard 37: Give examples G+ filamentous bacteria.

Answer: Actinomyces, Nocardia

Flashcard 38: Give examples of G+ bacilli.

Answer: Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Listeria, Gardnerella, Mycobacterium (only stained by acid fast, but structurally G+)

Flashcard 39: Give examples of G+ cocci.

Answer: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

Flashcard 40: Which cellular structures are unique to G+ bacteria?

Answer: cell wall, lipoteichoic acid

Flashcard 41: cell wall/cell membrane in G+

Answer: structural support, major surface antigen

Extra: peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid

Flashcard 42: Gram Positive Algorithm: Catalase Positive Cocci - _____

Answer: Staphylococcus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 43: Gram Positive Algorithm: _____ split into catalase negative and catalase positive

Answer: Cocci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 44: What is the most common overall cause of osteomyelitis (90%)? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 45: Strep pneumoniae contains _____, allowing bacteria to adhere and colonize the mucous membranes

Answer: IgA protease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 46: Corynebacterium diphtheriae are gram _____ rods

Answer: positive

Extra: Watch Corynebacterium diphtheriae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-corynebacterium-diphtheriae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 47: Gram _____ bacteria have a much thicker cell wall

Answer: positive

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 48: What is the MOA of exfoliative toxin in Scalded-Skin Syndrome? Destroys _____ attachments in stratum granulosum, causing skin to slough off

Answer: keratinocyte

Extra: Watch Staph aureus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-staphylococcus-aureus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 49: Streptococcus viridans is optochin-_____

Answer: resistant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 50: _____ is a complication of Actinomyces abscess formation and presents with a characteristic 'lumpy jaw'

Answer: Cervicofacial mycetoma

Extra: Watch Actinomyces israelii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-branching-filamentous-rods-actinomyces-israelii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 51: _____ is the only Staph organism that is coagulase +

Answer: Staph aureus

Flashcard 52: _____ is found on the surface of group A strep (streptococcus pyogenes)

Answer: M protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 53: Protein A inhibits the phagocytosis of _____ by binding to the Fc portion of IgG antibodies

Answer: Staph Aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 54: Which bug commonly causes endocarditis of prosthetic heart valves? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 55: What class of gram positive rods are spore-forming and anaerobic? _____

Answer: Clostridium spp.

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 56: _____ is an anti-phagocytic virulence factor contained on Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) cell walls

Answer: M protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 57: All Clostridium spp. are _____-forming

Answer: spore

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 58: Gram Positive Algorithm: Which Branching/Filamentous is weakly acid-fast _____

Answer: Nocardia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 59: Staphylococcus aureus shows what kind of hemolysis pattern? _____

Answer: B-hemolytic

Flashcard 60: Gram Positive Algorithm: First split into ___, _ and ___

Answer: Bacilli

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 61: Which virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) allows for lysis of RBC and WBCs? _____

Answer: Streptolysin O and Streptolysin S

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 62: Streptococcus pneumoniae is _____-hemolytic

Answer: alpha

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 63: Clostridium _____ results in rigid muscles

Answer: tetani

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 64: Gram Positive Algorithm: _ and _ split into aerobic and anaerobic

Answer: Bacilli

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 65: Clostridium is a gram _ _

Answer: positive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 66: Gram Positive Algorithm: Staphylococcus Coagulase _____ is further broken into Novobiocin sensitivity (resistant or sensitive)

Answer: Negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 67: Enterococcus faecalis is _ common and _ likely to be resistant to vancomycin than Enterococcus faecium

Answer: more

Extra: Watch Enterococcus faecium & faecalis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-enterococcus-faecium-and-faecalis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 68: Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) _____

Answer: positive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 69: Gram Positive Algorithm: Catalase Negative Cocci - _____

Answer: Streptococcus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 70: Tropheryma whipplei is an intracellular, gram _____ organism

Answer: positive

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 71: Staphylcoccus aureus will turn _____ agar bright yellow

Answer: Mannitol

Flashcard 72: Streptococcus viridans is _____-hemolytic

Answer: alpha

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 73: _____ is a(n) lancet-shaped diplo-cocci

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 74: Which bug is the most common cause of both non-bullous and bullous impetigo? _____

Answer: Staph aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 75: What class of gram positive rods are spore-forming and aerobic? _____

Answer: Bacillus spp.

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 76: What is the function of Protein A? _____

Answer: binds IgG Fc region, preventing opsonization and ultimately phagocytosis

Flashcard 77: Streptococcus sanguinis (viridans family) makes _____ which bind to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves

Answer: dextrans

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 78: What is the only gram-positive bacteria to produce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)? _____

Answer: NONE - Sources erroneously report that Listeria monocytogenes has it but UWorld says they're wrong

Extra: Watch Listeria monocytogenes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-listeria-monocytogenes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 79: Which special culture media/agars are used to isolate Corynebacterium diphtheriae? _____

Answer: Tellurite agar; Loeffler medium

Extra: Watch Corynebacterium diphtheriae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-corynebacterium-diphtheriae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 80: Colonies of _____ show a halo of projections, sometimes referred to as "medusa head" appearance

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Extra: Watch Bacillus anthracis & cereus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-bacillus-anthracis-and-cereus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 81: Group B Strep (S. agalactiae) has a positive _____ test, meaning it enhances the zone of hemolysis when plated with S. aureus

Answer: CAMP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 82: Elevated titers of _____ or anti-DNase B antibodies are indicative of recent Group A strep (S. pyogenes) infection

Answer: Anti-streptolysin O (ASO)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 83: Strep pneumoniae is _____ and thus will present a problem in sickle cell/asplenic patients

Answer: encapsulated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 84: Cellulitis characterized by an infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues is caused _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes

Extra: Watch Staph aureus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-staphylococcus-aureus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 85: What GAS virulence factor causes antibody production that cross-reacts with myosin in the heart, causing rheumatic fever? _____

Answer: M-protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 86: What is the urease expression of Staphylococcus epidermidis? _____

Answer: Positive

Extra: Watch Staph epidermidis & saprophyticus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-staphylococcus-epidermidis-and-saprophyticus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 87: Patients who go undergo cystoscopy are especially at risk for infections caused by _____ species

Answer: enterococcus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 88: Gram Positive Algorithm: Streptococcus β-hemolysis Bacitracin _____ - Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep)

Answer: Sensitive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 89: _____ and Listeria monocytogenes are CAMP test positive

Answer: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 90: Bacillus cereus, like anthracis, is _erobic and _-forming

Answer: a

Flashcard 91: Gram Positive Algorithm: Streptococcus gamma-hemolysis are separated via _ and _ growth

Answer: bile

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 92: Group A strep (S. pyogenes) is _____-hemolytic

Answer: β

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 93: Which common cause of necrotizing fasciitis is a gram-positive cocci and PYR-positive? _____

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 94: Lipoteichoic Acids are present in Gram _____ Bacteria's cell walls

Answer: Positive

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 95: Gram Positive Algorithm: Streptococcus gamma-hemolysis, bile only - _____

Answer: Streptococcus bovis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 96: Bacillus (anthrax, cereus) is a gram _ _

Answer: positive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 97: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) _____

Answer: negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 98: Staphylococcus epidermidis is catalase _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 99: _____ is a virulence factor released by Group A Strep that de-polymerizes DNA

Answer: DNase-B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 100: Gram Positive Algorithm: Anaerobic Bacilli include _____, Propionibacterium

Answer: Clostridium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 101: Gram Positive Algorithm: Staphylococcus Coagulase Negative Novobiocin _____ - Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer: Sensitive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 102: Streptococcus bovis biotype 1 is known as _____

Answer: Streptococcus gallolyticus

Flashcard 103: Gram Positive Algorithm: Streptococcus alpha-hemolysis is further broken down via _____

Answer: Optochin sensitivity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 104: Which bug is the most common cause of skin abscesses? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: Watch Staph aureus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-staphylococcus-aureus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 105: Gram Positive Algorithm: Aerobic Branching/Filamentous include _____

Answer: Nocardia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 106: In alpha-hemolysis, there is a green hue due to the oxidation of _____

Answer: hemoglobin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 107: Actinomyces is normal flora of the _____, GI and GU tracts

Answer: oral cavity

Flashcard 108: What gram positive organisms commonly colonize previously damaged heart valves? _____

Answer: Streptococcus viridans; Enterococcus spp.; Strep bovis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 109: _____ is a virulence factor part of the peptidoglycan cell wall of Staph Aureus

Answer: Protein A

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 110: Gram Positive Algorithm: Anaerobic Branching/Filamentous include _____

Answer: Actinomyces

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 111: Staphylococcus aureus is gram _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 112: What cause of osteomyelitis is more common in prosthetic joint replacement? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Extra: From microbiology section: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 113: Staphylococcus aureus synthesizes the superantigen _____

Answer: Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 114: Which gram positive filamentous rod is associated with pneumonia-like symptoms? _____

Answer: Nocardia

Extra: Watch Nocardia asteroides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-branching-filamentous-rods-nocardia-asteroides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 115: Enterococcus spp. are bile-_____

Answer: insoluble (aka resistant)

Flashcard 116: Gram Positive Algorithm: Streptococcus _____-hemolysis is further broken down via Bacitracin sensitivity (resistant/sensitive)

Answer: β

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 117: Gram Positive Algorithm: Anaerobic Bacilli include _, _

Answer: Clostridium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 118: Actinomyces and Nocardia are bacteria that have a branching or _____ shape

Answer: filamentous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 119: Erysipelas is usually caused by _____ infection

Answer: S. pyogenes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 120: The antiphagocytic virulence factors for streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) are _____

Answer: M-protein, hyaluronic acid capsule

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 121: Which bacteria is associated with traumatic open wound infection? _____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Extra: Watch Clostridium perfringens [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-clostridium-perfringens?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 122: Gram Positive Algorithm: Streptococcus β-hemolysis Bacitracin _____ - Streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep)

Answer: Resistant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 123: Bacillus anthracis is often described as large _____ in chains

Answer: gram positive bacilli

Flashcard 124: Scarlet fever is associated with what toxin? _____

Answer: Erythrogenic exotoxin (SPE)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 125: Nocardia is a gram _____ branching filamentous rod

Answer: positive

Extra: Watch Nocardia asteroides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-branching-filamentous-rods-nocardia-asteroides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 126: Is Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) encapsulated? _____

Answer: Yes (polysaccharide capsule)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 127: _____ is a coagulase-negative Staph that has the ability to synthesize extracellular polysaccharide matrix (biofilm)

Answer: Staph epidermidis

Flashcard 128: Nocardia causes _____ infections after trauma in the immuno-competent

Answer: cutaneous

Flashcard 129: Scalded skin syndrome is caused by _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 130: Listeria is a gram _ _

Answer: positive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 131: Which Staphylococcus species is the 2nd most common cause of uncomplicated UTI in young women? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Flashcard 132: _____ is normal flora of the skin and thus can contaminate blood cultures

Answer: Staph epidermidis

Flashcard 133: The most common organism responsible for early-onset prosthetic joint infection (< 3 months of placement) is _____

Answer: S. aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 134: What is the likely causative organism in an immunocompromised patient with multiple lung cavitary lesions and brain abscesses identified on imaging? Sputum cultures grow partially acid-fast, gram-positive, branching rods. _____

Answer: Nocardia

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Flashcard 135: Prosthetic joint infections < 3 months = _ organisms Prosthetic joint infections 3 -12 months = _ organisms

Answer: virulent

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Flashcard 136: Listeria monocytogenes is a gram _____ rod

Answer: positive

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Flashcard 137: Pathogen for purulent cellulitis = _ Pathogen for nonpurulent cellulitis = _

Answer: S. aureus

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Flashcard 138: Describe the appearance of Strep. pneumoniae under the microscope _____

Answer: Lancet-shaped diplococci (Gram (+))

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Flashcard 139: What are the leading causes of lymphangitis? (2) _____

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes MSSA

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Flashcard 140: What bacteria is the most frequent cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection in patients with intravascular devices (e.g. central line)? _____

Answer: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (e.g. S. epidermidis)

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Flashcard 141: Patients who go under cystoscopy are especially at risk for infections caused by _____ species

Answer: enterococcus

Flashcard 142: S. pyogenes (GAS) is bacitracin _____

Answer: sensitive (sensitive or resistant)

Flashcard 143: Gram-_____ bacteria have a cell wall that is easily crossed by -lactams and does not require presence of porins.

Answer: positive

Flashcard 144: Which gram positive rod grows well at refrigeration temperatures (410C; cold enrichment)?_____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 145: Staphylococcus saprophyticus is gram _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 146: What is used to differentiate between different strains of Staphylococcus?_____

Answer: Coagulase test

Flashcard 147: _____ are one of the leading causes of nosocomial (hospital) infections in the U.S. due to high antibiotic resistance.

Answer: Enterococci spp.

Flashcard 148: Sulfonamides (ie: sulfamethoxazole) have activity against the gram positive branching, filamentous rod _____

Answer: Nocardia

Flashcard 149: Which gram-positive rod produces an exotoxin that ADP-ribosylates EF-2?_____

Answer: Corynebactrium diphtheriae

Flashcard 150: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 151: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is catalase _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 152: Which common cause of necrotizing fasciitis is a gram-positive cocci and PYR-positive?_____

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes

Flashcard 153: Enterococcus is pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 154: Bullous impetigo has bullae and is usually caused by _____ infection

Answer: S. aureus

Flashcard 155: Streptococcus pyogenes results in _____, which is a superficial infection of the skin

Answer: erysipelas

Flashcard 156: Furuncles and carbuncles are associated with what coagulase + organism? _____

Answer: Staph aureus

Flashcard 157: _____ is a virulence factor released by Group A Strep that de-polymerizes DNA

Answer: DNase-B

Flashcard 158: What is the Novobiocin sensitivity of Staphylococcus saprophyticus?_____

Answer: Resistant

Flashcard 159: What is the stain and shape of Actinomyces?_____

Answer: Gram positive, filamentous rod

Flashcard 160: Staphylococcus saprophyticus is coagulase _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 161: Septic arthritis is an invasion of the synovial membrane which produces a yellow, turbid synovial fluid with high neutrophils. This is most commonly found with infection by _____.

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 162: Which gram positive filamentous rod contains mycolic acids in its cell wall?_____

Answer: Nocardia

Flashcard 163: What is the urease expression of Staphylococcus saprophyticus?_____

Answer: Positive

Flashcard 164: Gram _____ bacteria have a much thicker cell wall

Answer: positive

Flashcard 165: Which class of gram positive rods are spore-forming and aerobic?_____

Answer: Bacillus sp.

Flashcard 166: Erysipelas is usually caused by _____ infection

Answer: S. pyogenes

Flashcard 167: What GAS virulence factor causes antibody production that cross-reacts with myosin in the heart, causing rheumatic fever?_____

Answer: M-protein

Flashcard 168: Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 169: What is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis? _____

Answer: Streptococcus

Flashcard 170: Staphylococcus aureus shows what kind of hemolysis pattern? _____

Answer: B-hemolytic

Flashcard 171: _____ is a -lactamase producing bacteria resistant to penicillin.

Answer: Staph aureus

Flashcard 172: Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors are an anti-_____ and IgA protease

Answer: phagocytic polysaccharide capsule

Flashcard 173: Delayed wound healing may occur with infection, most commonly due to _____

Answer: S. aureus

Flashcard 174: Nocardia dissemination commonly occurs to the _____

Answer: CNS

Flashcard 175: What molecule present on the surface of Gram Positive bacteria drives immune response to the organism?_____

Answer: Lipoteichoic Acid

Flashcard 176: What type of paralysis is seen with Clostridium tetani?_____

Answer: Spastic paralysis

Flashcard 177: The most common cause of meningitis in adults and the elderly is _____ infection

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Flashcard 178: What bug commonly causes early endocarditis of prosthetic heart valves?_____

Answer: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Flashcard 179: Streptococcus viridans is bile-_____

Answer: insoluble

Flashcard 180: _____ is a gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that is normally found in soil.

Answer: Nocardia spp.

Flashcard 181: Which gram positive cocci is also beta-hemolytic?(besides streptococcus)_____

Answer: Staph Aureus

Flashcard 182: Group B Strep is known as _____

Answer: Streptococcus agalactiae

Flashcard 183: What is the function of GAS M-protein? _____

Answer: Antiphagocytic, inhibits activation of complement (2)

Flashcard 184: Strep pneumoniae polysaccharide vaccine in adults produces an Ig_____ response.

Answer: M

Flashcard 185: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is _____-hemolytic

Answer: beta

Flashcard 186: Which common cause of necrotizing fasciitis is a gram-positive cocci and PYR-negative?_____

Answer: Staph aureus

Flashcard 187: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a part of normal _____ flora

Answer: skin

Flashcard 188: Enterococcus spp. can become resistant to ampicillin due to _____ production

Answer: beta-lactamase

Flashcard 189: Staphylococcus epidermidis is catalase _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 190: The most commonly identified pathogens in febrile neutropenia are gram _____ bacteria

Answer: positive

Flashcard 191: _____ is a filamentous-branching gram-positive organism that can cause brain abscess.

Answer: Nocardia

Flashcard 192: Tropheryma whipplei is an intracellular, gram _____ organism

Answer: positive

Flashcard 193: What is the only gram-positive bacteria to produce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?_____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 194: What is the Novobiocin sensitivity of Staphylococcus epidermidis?_____

Answer: Sensitive

Flashcard 195: Which exotoxin from Clostridium difficile functions to bind to the brush border of the gut?_____

Answer: Toxin A (enterotoxin)

Flashcard 196: Which gram-positive bacteria contains granules that stain with aniline dyes (ie: methylene blue)?_____

Answer: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Flashcard 197: Which class of gram positive rods are spore-forming and anaerobic?_____

Answer: Clostridium sp.

Flashcard 198: Which gram positive rod is catalase positive?_____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 199: What kind of toxin produces scalded-skin syndrome? _____

Answer: Exfoliative toxin A and B

Flashcard 200: Function of Protein A: _____

Answer: binds IgG Fc region, preventing opsonization and ultimately phagocytosis

Flashcard 201: GAS erythrogenic toxin genes are encoded in a _____ phage through specialized transduction.

Answer: lysogenic (lytic or lysogenic)

Flashcard 202: Toxic Shock Like Syndrome is caused by what organism? _____

Answer: GAS (S. pyogenes)

Flashcard 203: Along with muscle breakdown, the exotoxin Alpha Toxin also results in decreased muscle _____

Answer: blood flow

Flashcard 204: Strep pneumonia conjugate vaccine for children produces an Ig_____ response.

Answer: G

Flashcard 205: Which gram positive rod commonly contaminates unpasteurized dairy products and cold deli meats?_____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 206: Staphylococcus aureus is gram _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 207: What are implicated foods in S. aureus gastroenteritis? _____

Answer: Meats, cream-based foods

Flashcard 208: Enterococcus spp. are bile-_____ (soluble or insoluble)

Answer: insoluble (aka resistant)

Flashcard 209: Systemic release of Streptococcus pyogenes exotoxins A, B, and C results in _____

Answer: scarlet fever

Flashcard 210: Which bacteria is associated with endocarditis, biliary tree infection, and UTI? _____

Answer: Enterococcus faecalis

Flashcard 211: What is the most common overall cause of osteomyelitis (90%)? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 212: Enterococci spp. are gram-_____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 213: Streptococcus pyogenes is also known as _____

Answer: group A strep (GAS)

Flashcard 214: What is the urease expression of Staphylococcus epidermidis?_____

Answer: Positive

Flashcard 215: _____ can cause strep throat, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis

Answer: Streptococcus Pyogenes

Flashcard 216: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is gram-_____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 217: Streptococcus pyogenes contains the enzyme _____,which breaks down connective tissue, allowing for the spread of cellulitis

Answer: hyaluronidase

Flashcard 218: Staphylcoccus aureus will turn _____ agar bright yellow

Answer: Mannitol

Flashcard 219: Which organism can produce gas under tissue (gas gangrene)?_____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 220: Which spp. of Streptococcus viridans causes subacute endocarditis?_____

Answer: Streptococcus sanguinis

Flashcard 221: Staphylococcus epidermidis is gram _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 222: What bug is the most common cause ofboth non-bullous and bullous impetigo?_____

Answer: Staph aureus

Flashcard 223: Which toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae inhibits protein synthesis?_____

Answer: Diphtheria toxin

Flashcard 224: Streptokinase is a virulence factor for what Gram + species? _____

Answer: GAS

Flashcard 225: Corynebacterium diphtheriae is transmitted via _____

Answer: respiratory droplets

Flashcard 226: Where on the body is Staphylococcus epidermidis found?_____

Answer: Skin

Flashcard 227: Which gram positive rod will present with metachromatic (blue and red) granules?_____

Answer: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Flashcard 228: Listeria monocytogenes is facultative _____

Answer: intracellular

Flashcard 229: Antiphagocytic virulence factor for GAS: _____

Answer: M-protein, capsule

Flashcard 230: Which gram positive filamentous rod is associated with pneumonia-like symptoms?_____

Answer: Nocardia

Flashcard 231: Strep pneumonia contains _____, allowing bacteria to adhere and colonize the mucous membranes.

Answer: IgA protease

Flashcard 232: Group B strep (Streptococcus agalactiae) is part of the natural flora of the GI tract and _____

Answer: vagina

Flashcard 233: Which gram positive filamentous rod is associated with cavitary lesions in the lung?_____

Answer: Nocardia

Flashcard 234: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common contaminate of _____ cultures

Answer: blood

Flashcard 235: Group B Strep (S. galactiae) has a positive _____ test, meaning it enhances the zone of hemolysis when plated with S. aureus.

Answer: CAMP

Flashcard 236: Clostridium _____ results in rigid muscles

Answer: tetani

Flashcard 237: The enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus are _____, therefore they have a rapid-onset of action

Answer: preformed

Flashcard 238: Group A strep (S. pyogenes) is _____-hemolytic

Answer: beta

Flashcard 239: The thick cell wall of _____ in gram positive bacteria holds the crystal violet of the gram stain in place

Answer: peptidoglycan

Flashcard 240: Staphylococcus epidermidis is coagulase _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 241: Which common cause of necrotizing fasciitis is a gram-positive rod and PYR negative?_____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 242: Strep pneumoniae is _____ and thus will present a problem in sickle cell/asplenic patients.

Answer: encapsulated

Flashcard 243: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is hippurate _____ (positive or negative)

Answer: positive

Keywords: Gram-positive flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

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Staphylococcus aureus

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Coagulase-negative staphylococci

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

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Group A streptococci

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Group B streptococci

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Viridans group streptococci

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Enterococci

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Bacillus species

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Listeria monocytogenes

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Corynebacterium species

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Clostridium species

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Actinomyces and Nocardia

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MRSA and VRE

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