Gram-negative — Flashcards

Gram-negative US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Gram-negative with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Gram-negative Flashcard Deck - 285 Cards

Flashcard 1: Yersinia pestis

Answer:

Extra: rats and prarie dogsfleas

Flashcard 2: Rickettsia typhi

Answer:

Extra: endemic typhusfleas

Flashcard 3: Francisella tularensis

Answer:

Extra: tularemiarabbitticks, deer fly

Flashcard 4: Coxiella burnetti

Answer:

Extra: Q fevercattle/sheep amniotic fluid

Flashcard 5: Brucella spp.

Answer:

Extra: brucellosisunpastuerized dairy

Flashcard 6: Yersinia enterocolitica

Answer: -

Extra: coccobabillimesenteric adenitis mimicing Crohn's or appendicitispet feces, contaminated dairy, pork

Flashcard 7: cholera

Answer: Vibrio cholera

Extra: profuse "rice-water" diarrheaIV oral rehydration

Flashcard 8: Vibrio cholerae

Answer: -

Extra: comma-shapedalkaline media+cholera

Flashcard 9: typhoid fever

Answer: Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

Extra: rose spots on abdomen, fever, headache, diarrheapatient can become long-term carrier

Flashcard 10: Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

Answer:

Extra: typhoid fever

Flashcard 11: Production of what byproduct differentiates Salmonella from Shigella?

Answer: Salmonella produces hydrogen sulfide

Flashcard 12: What morphologic feature distinguishes Salmonella from Shigella?

Answer: Salmonella has flagella mnemonic: salmon swim

Flashcard 13: Shigella spp.

Answer: -

Extra: bacillinon-fermenter-dysentery

Flashcard 14: Salmonella enterica

Answer: -

Extra: bacillinon-fermenter-diarrhea, sometimes dysentery (mucus and blood)

Flashcard 15: Describe the classic appearance of sputum from Klebsiella pneumonia.

Answer: "red currant jelly" sputum

Flashcard 16: What populations are most commonly associated with Klebsiella pneumonia?

Answer: alcoholics, diabetics

Flashcard 17: Klebsiella spp.

Answer: -

Extra: bacillifast fermenterlobar pneumonia in alcoholics, nosocomial UTIs

Flashcard 18: hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Answer: EHEC O157:H7

Extra: anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failureanemia, thrombocytopeina

Flashcard 19: What test distinguishes EHEC from other E. coli strains?

Answer: EHEC can't ferment sorbitol

Flashcard 20: hemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Answer:

Extra: hemolytic-uremic syndrome, dysentery

Flashcard 21: toxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Answer:

Extra: traveler's diarrhea (watery)

Flashcard 22: invasive E. coli (EIEC)

Answer:

Extra: dysentery similar to Shigella

Flashcard 23: Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a characteristic _____ pigment.

Answer: blue-green

Flashcard 24: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a distinctive _____ odor.

Answer: grape-like

Flashcard 25: Legionairre's disease

Answer: Legionella pneumophilia

Extra: severe pneumonia, fever, GI and CNS symptomshyponatremiamacrolide or quinolone

Flashcard 26: Legionella pneumophilia

Answer: -

Extra: bacillicharcoal yeast with iron and cysteinesilver stainLegionairre's disease, pontiac fevermacolide or quinolone

Flashcard 27: How is N. gonorrhoeae transmitted?

Answer: sexual contact

Flashcard 28: Neisseria meningitidis

Answer: -

Extra: diplococci+meningococcemia, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndromeceftriaxone or penicillin G

Flashcard 29: Gram negative bacilli are _____ to penicillin G.

Answer: resistant

Flashcard 30: Gram negative organisms stain _____.

Answer: pink

Flashcard 31: What is the chemical composition of bacterial endotoxins?

Answer: lipopolysaccharide

Flashcard 32: Are endotoxins secreted from the bacterial cell?

Answer: no

Flashcard 33: Which types of bacteria produce endotoxins?

Answer: most G- bacteria; exist as a component of the outer membrane

Flashcard 34: What culture medium is used to isolate E. coli?

Answer: MacKonkey agar or eosin-methylene blue (aka EMB) agar

Flashcard 35: What culture medium is used to lactose-fermenting enterics?

Answer: MacKonkey agar

Flashcard 36: What culture medium is used to isolate Neisseria spp.?

Answer: Thayer-Martin media with Vancomycin, Polymixin, Nystatin; for this reason, media also knwon as VPN

Flashcard 37: What is the effect of the tissue factors activated by bacterial endotoxin?

Answer: DIC

Flashcard 38: What is the effect of the complement factors activated by bacterial endotoxin?

Answer: hypotension, edema, PMN chemotaxis

Flashcard 39: What tissue factors are activated by bacterial endotoxin?

Answer: the coagulation cascade (which branch?)

Flashcard 40: What complement factors are activated by bacterial endotoxin?

Answer: C3a, C5a

Flashcard 41: What are the three general mechanisms of bacterial endotoxin action?

Answer: activate macrophages activate complement activate tissue factor

Flashcard 42: What is the most well-known bacterial endotoxin?

Answer: lipid A of LPS

Flashcard 43: cholera toxin

Answer: Vibrio cholerae

Extra: increases fluid secretionsoveractivates adenylate cyclase, increased Cl- secretionvoluminous "rice-water" diarrhea

Flashcard 44: heat-stable toxin (HLT)

Answer: enterotoxigenic E. coli

Extra: increases fluid secretionsoveractivates guanylate cyclase, decreased Cl- resorption mnemonic: labile in the Air, stable on the Ground watery diarrhea

Flashcard 45: heat-labile toxin (HLT)

Answer: enterotoxigenic E. coli

Extra: increases fluid secretionsoveractivates adenylate cyclase, increased Cl- secretion mnemonic: labile in the Air, stable on the Ground watery diarrhea

Flashcard 46: exotoxin A (P. aer)

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Extra: protein synthesis inhibitorinactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2)host cell death

Flashcard 47: Give some diseases caused by endotoxins.

Answer: meningococcemia, sepsis by G- rods

Flashcard 48: Whate are the modes of action of bacterial endotoxins?

Answer: induce TNF and IL-1

Flashcard 49: Whate are the clinical effects of bacterial endotoxins?

Answer: fever, shock

Flashcard 50: How can Legionella be visualized microscopically?

Answer: silver stain

Flashcard 51: Give examples of G- spirochetes.

Answer: Leptospira, Borrelia, Treponema

Flashcard 52: Give examples of G- pleomorphic bacteria.

Answer: Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae

Flashcard 53: Give examples of G- bacilli.

Answer: MANY; if in doubt, guess G- rod

Flashcard 54: Give examples of G- cocci.

Answer: Neisseria

Flashcard 55: Which cellular structures are unique to G- bacteria?

Answer: outer membrane, LPS, periplasm

Flashcard 56: periplasm

Answer: space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in G- bacteria

Extra: many hydrolytic enzymes, notably β-lactamase

Flashcard 57: outer membrane in G-

Answer: major surface antigen

Extra: LPS

Flashcard 58: Which curved gram negative rod is invasive and can thus cause bacteremia? _____

Answer: Campylobacter jejuni

Extra: Watch Campylobacter jejuni [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-campylobacter-jejuni?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 59: Shigella forms _____ colonies on Hektoen agar

Answer: green

Extra: Watch Shigella spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-shigella-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 60: _____ activates guanylyl cyclase in the gut, thereby increasing cGMP secretion

Answer: Heat stable toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 61: What is the rapid test for diagnosing Legionnaires' disease (Legionella pneumophila)? _____

Answer: **PCR**, Urine antigen test

Extra: Watch Legionella pneumophila [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-legionella-pneumophila?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 62: The shiga-like toxin (SLT) of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli kills _____

Answer: enterocytes

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 63: Gram Negative Algorithm: Bacilli are further split via _____

Answer: lactose fermentation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 64: The E. coli _____ antigen is present on its lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Answer: O

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 65: Gram Negative Algorithm: Diplococci _____ maltose metabolism - Neisseria meningitidis

Answer: with

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 66: Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide binding to CD14 of Macrophages releases ___, _, ___, and NO (proinflammatory cytokines)

Answer: IL-1

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 67: Resistance to Colistin (Polymixin E) is encoded via the Mcr-1 gene which alters the structure of _____

Answer: Lipid A

Extra: Watch Daptomycin [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-cell-wall-and-membrane-active-antibiotics-daptomycin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 68: Campylobacter jejuni, _____ and Helicobacter pylori are all curved rods that are oxidase positive

Answer: Vibrio cholerae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 69: Gram Negative Algorithm: Bacilli who are not lactose fermenters and are Oxidase Negative, H2S production on TSI agar _____ - Shigella, Yersinia

Answer: negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 70: Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with wound and burn infections? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Extra: Watch Pseudomonas aeruginosa [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-pseudomonas-aeruginosa?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 71: Gram Negative Algorithm: Bacilli who are slow lactose fermenters include _____, Serratia

Answer: Citrobacter

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 72: Enteropathogenic E. coli destroys intestinal microvilli resulting in _____

Answer: malabsorption

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 73: There is no N. gonorrhoeae vaccine due to _____ of the pilus proteins

Answer: antigenic variation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 74: Does Serratia ferment lactose? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: Watch Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-klebsiella-pneumoniae-enterobacter-spp-serratia-marcescens?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 75: Lipopolysaccharide _____ have a(n) Lipid A core responsible for their toxicity and a(n) O antigen terminal end that varies among bacterial strains

Answer: Endotoxins

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 76: MacConkey's agar can also be used to differentiate _____ fermenters

Answer: lactose

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 77: Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia commonly cause nosocomial _ and _

Answer: pneumonia

Extra: Watch Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-klebsiella-pneumoniae-enterobacter-spp-serratia-marcescens?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 78: Pseudomonas is known to thrive in _____ environments

Answer: aquatic

Flashcard 79: _ E. Coli (_) produces a "Shiga-like" toxin

Answer: Enterohemorrhagic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 80: MacConkey's Agar is a selective media for gram _ bacteria which contains bile salts to inhibit growth of gram _

Answer: negative

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 81: Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with hot tub folliculitis? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Extra: Watch Pseudomonas aeruginosa [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-pseudomonas-aeruginosa?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 82: Red/pink organisms are gram _____

Answer: negative

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 83: Which form of E. coli presents with watery diarrhea? _____

Answer: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 84: Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia stain _____ on MacConkey agar

Answer: pink

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 85: Most rods (and coccobacillus) are gram _____

Answer: negative

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 86: What type of bacteria (gram stain, shape) is Pseudomonas? _____

Answer: Gram negative rod

Extra: Watch Pseudomonas aeruginosa [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-pseudomonas-aeruginosa?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 87: Does Enterobacter ferment lactose? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 88: Cystitis is characterized by positive _____, which indicates gram negative organisms

Answer: nitrites

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 89: Neisseria can be grown on _____ agar and thayer-martin media

Answer: chocolate

Extra: Watch Neisseria overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/complement?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 90: Thayer-Martin Media contains _____ and Colistin (polymixin) to kill gram negative* organisms

Answer: Trimethoprim

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 91: Indirect transmission of Brucella spp. results from ingestion of _____

Answer: unpasteurized dairy products (milk, cheese)

Extra: Watch Brucella spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-brucella-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 92: Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide of Gram Negative Bacteria can activate the _____ system, resulting in release of C3a and C5a

Answer: complement

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 93: What is the oxygen dependency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? _____

Answer: Obligate aerobe

Extra: Watch Pseudomonas aeruginosa [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-pseudomonas-aeruginosa?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 94: _____ is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can live in urethral epithelial cells

Answer: Neisseria

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 95: Which part of Lipopolysaccharide is highly toxic and triggers cytokine release? _____

Answer: Lipid A

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 96: _____ is a species of Neisseria that is encapsulated

Answer: Neisseria meningitidis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 97: What gram staining group have porins in their wall? _____

Answer: Gram negative, and thus can downregulate porins in β-lactam resistance

Extra: Watch Penicillin [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-cell-wall-and-membrane-active-antibiotics-penicillin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 98: What is the gram stain of Legionella? _____

Answer: Gram negative*

Flashcard 99: Proteus mirabilis commonly causes _____ infections

Answer: urinary tract

Extra: Watch Proteus mirabilis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-proteus-mirabilis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 100: What is the stain and shape of Helicobacter pylori? _____

Answer: Gram negative curved/spiral rod

Extra: Watch Helicobacter pylori [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-helicobacter-pylori?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 101: Moraxella catarrhalis are gram _ _

Answer: negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 102: What is the gram stain of Brucella? _____

Answer: Gram negative

Flashcard 103: Gram Negative Algorithm: Bacilli who are not lactose fermenters and are Oxidase _____ are further split based on H2S production on TSI agar

Answer: Negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 104: Is Vibrio cholerae motile? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: Watch Vibrio spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-vibrio-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 105: Shigella secretes effector proteins via a(n) _____ secretion system

Answer: type III

Flashcard 106: Which part of Lipopolysaccharide is a target for antibodies? _____

Answer: O antigen

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 107: What color pigment is associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa? _____

Answer: Blue-green

Flashcard 108: Bordetella pertussis is a gram _____ coccobacillus

Answer: negative

Extra: Watch Bordetella pertussis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-bordetella-pertussis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 109: The three components of Lipopolysaccharide are: 1. _____ 2. Lipid A 3. O antigen

Answer: Polysaccharide

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 110: Which agar detects the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)? _____

Answer: Hektoen agar

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 111: _____ is a component of gram negative bacteria cell walls

Answer: Endotoxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 112: Which exotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa functions to inactivate EF-2 via ADP-Ribosylation? _____

Answer: Exotoxin A

Flashcard 113: Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar will have _ fermenting colonies (e.g. _) appear as a green metallic sheen

Answer: lactose

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 114: The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella) are associated with endocarditis with _____ blood cultures

Answer: negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki Eikenella is part of normal human oral flora; infection occurs in the setting of poor dentition

Flashcard 115: Does Shigella ferment lactose? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch Shigella spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-shigella-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 116: Which species of Neisseria ferments glucose only? _____

Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Extra: Watch Neisseria meningitidis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-meningitidis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 117: Neisseria are gram _____ diplococci

Answer: negative

Extra: Watch Neisseria overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 118: Factors _ and _ are added to chocolate agar to grow Haemophilus influenzae

Answer: V (NAD+)

Extra: Watch Haemophilus influenzae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-haemophilus-influenzae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 119: Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae and Helicobacter pylori are all curved rods that are _____ positive

Answer: oxidase

Flashcard 120: Cat scratch fever is a complication of _____ infection

Answer: Bartonella henselae

Extra: Watch Bartonella henselae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-bartonella-henselae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 121: Which cause of sterile urethritis shows up on staining as gram (-) diplococci? _____

Answer: N. gonorrhoeae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 122: What is the gram stain of Haemophilus influenzae? _____

Answer: Gram negative

Extra: Watch Haemophilus influenzae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-haemophilus-influenzae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 123: Which gram-negative obligate aerobe often causes nosocomial pneumonia? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 124: Which gram-negative rod produces an exotoxin that ADP-ribosylates EF-2? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 125: The _____ in E. coli allow for attachment to the urinary tract

Answer: pili/fimbria

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 126: Does Klebsiella ferment lactose? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 127: Lipooligosaccharide of _____ spp. causes a massive inflammatory response

Answer: Neisseria

Flashcard 128: Shigella dysenteriae produces _____ toxin

Answer: Shiga

Flashcard 129: What molecule present on the surface of Gram Negative bacteria drives immune response to the organism? _____

Answer: Lipopolysaccharide

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 130: _____ activates adenylyl cyclase in the gut, thereby increasing water secretion and causing diarrhea

Answer: Heat labile toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 131: Bacteroides fragilis is a(n) _____ that is typically found in the gut and causes abdominal abscesses

Answer: obligate anaerobe

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 132: What cause of osteomyelitis is more common in dog and cat bites? _____

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Extra: From microbiology section: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 133: Which of the curved, negative rods is urease positive? _____

Answer: Helicobacter pylori

Extra: Watch Helicobacter pylori [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-helicobacter-pylori?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 134: E. coli will stain _____ on MacConkey agar

Answer: pink

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 135: Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of _____

Answer: meningitis

Extra: Watch Haemophilus influenzae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-haemophilus-influenzae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 136: Endotoxin is heat _____

Answer: stable

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 137: What agar is used to grow Haemophilus influenzae? _____

Answer: Chocolate agar

Flashcard 138: Gram Negative Algorithm: Bacilli who are not lactose fermenters and are Oxidase Negative, H2S production on TSI agar _____ - salmonella, proteus

Answer: positive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 139: _____ is a gram negative coccobacillus, obligate aerobe that causes resistant hospital-acquired infections

Answer: Acinetobacter baumannii

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 140: Gram Negative Algorithm: Comma-shaped rod, grows on alkaline media - _____

Answer: Vibrio cholerae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 141: Neisseria are _____ positive

Answer: oxidase

Flashcard 142: Neisseria spp. contains _____ with strong endotoxin activity

Answer: lipooligosaccharides (LOS)

Flashcard 143: Red bacteria of a gram stain are gram _____

Answer: negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 144: Some Gram Negative Bacteria have lipooligosaccharide, which lacks a(n) _____

Answer: O antigen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 145: Which of the common gram-negative nosocomial infections (Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter) is urease-positive? _____

Answer: Klebsiella

Extra: Watch Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-klebsiella-pneumoniae-enterobacter-spp-serratia-marcescens?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 146: What is the most common cause of gram negative sepsis? _____

Answer: E. coli

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 147: Cystitis caused by _____ is characterized by alkaline urine (pH) with a(n) ammonia scent

Answer: Proteus mirabilis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 148: Which complement deficiency is associated with increased risk for Neisseria infection? _____

Answer: C5b-C9 (terminal complement deficiency - membrane attack complex)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 149: Gram _____ Bacteria have thinner cell walls with a(n) outer membrane surrounding it

Answer: Negative

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 150: Exotoxin A causes _ of _

Answer: ADP-ribosylation (and therefore inhibition)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 151: Gram Negative Algorithm: First split into ___, _, _ and ___

Answer: Diplococci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 152: Gram _ Algorithm: _ includes H. influenzae, Pasteurella, Brucella, Bordetella pertussis, Francisella tularensis

Answer: Negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 153: What is the shape and stain of Campylobacter jejuni? _____

Answer: Gram negative curved rod

Flashcard 154: Nosocomial UTIs due to Pseudomonas are commonly associated with _____

Answer: catheters

Flashcard 155: Haemophilus influenzae is able to colonize the upper respiratory tract due to _____

Answer: IgA protease

Extra: Watch Haemophilus influenzae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-haemophilus-influenzae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 156: What is the stain and shape of Vibrio spp.? _____

Answer: Gram negative comma (curved) rod

Flashcard 157: _____ is contained on the Outer membrane of Gram Negative Bacteria

Answer: Lipopolysaccharide

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 158: Transmission of Legionella pneumophila occurs via _ from environmental _ sources

Answer: aerosols

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 159: _____ is a gram negative coccobacillus that causes septic arthritis in sickle cell (asplenic) patients

Answer: Haemophilus influenzae

Flashcard 160: _____ and Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria that cannot make their own ATP

Answer: Rickettsia spp.

Extra: Watch Rickettsia overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-rickettsia-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 161: Humans are the only reservoir for Salmonella _____

Answer: typhi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 162: The _____ in pH caused by Proteus mirabilis results in precipitation of ammonium magnesium phosphate

Answer: increase

Flashcard 163: Enterotoxigenic E. coli is associated with the toxins _ and _

Answer: heat labile toxin (LT)

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 164: E. coli (and other lactose fermenters) will stain metallic green on _____ agar

Answer: Eosin-methylene blue (EMB)

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 165: Shigella spp. is _ intracellular within _

Answer: facultative

Flashcard 166: One example of a thymus-independent antigen is _____ from gram negative bacteria

Answer: lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/b-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 167: Which pathogen is the most common cause of acute infectious bloody diarrhea in the absence of fever and is transmitted via undercooked meat? _____

Answer: E. coli O157:H7

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 168: Comma-shaped gram (-) rod, grows at 42°C = _____

Answer: Campylobacter jejuni

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 169: Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with malignant otitis externa in diabetics? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/lower-airway/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 170: What is the likely microorganism causing a UTI in a young female with an elevated urine pH and renal calculus on imaging? _____

Answer: Proteus mirabilis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 171: _____ is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia in alcoholics

Answer: Klebsiella

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 172: Lemierre syndrome is a severe life-threatening infection that affects young patients and is usually caused by _____

Answer: Fusobacterium necrophorum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 173: Fusobacterium necrophorum is a gram-negative anaerobic bacillus that is part of the normal _____

Answer: oral flora

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 174: Indirect transmission of Brucella spp. results from ingestion of _____

Answer: unpasteurized dairy products (milk, cheese)

Flashcard 175: Endotoxin is heat _____

Answer: stable

Flashcard 176: Does Shigella ferment lactose?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 177: The Weil-Felix test checks for cross reactivity between Rickettsia spp. and _____ OX19 and OX2

Answer: Proteus vulgaris

Flashcard 178: What color pigment is associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?_____

Answer: Blue-green

Flashcard 179: Gram Negative Algorithm:Comma-shaped rod, produces urease - _____

Answer: Helicobacter pylori

Flashcard 180: What molecule present on the surface of Gram Negative bacteria drives immune response to the organism?_____

Answer: Lipopolysaccharide

Flashcard 181: Resistance to Colistin (Polymixin E) is encoded via the Mcr-1 gene which alters the structure of _____

Answer: Lipid A

Flashcard 182: Which gram-negative enteric bacteria causes rice water stools?_____

Answer: Vibrio cholerae

Flashcard 183: Klebsiella, enterobacter, and serratia commonly exhibit multi-drug _____

Answer: resistance

Flashcard 184: What agar is used to grow Haemophilus influenzae?_____

Answer: Chocolate agar

Flashcard 185: Does Enterobacter have a capsule?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 186: What substances (2) produced by Pseudomonas give it a blue-green pigment?_____

Answer: Pyocyanin and Pyoverdin

Flashcard 187: What is the most common cause of septic arthritis in young adults?_____

Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Flashcard 188: Neisseria spp. contains _____ with strong endotoxin activity

Answer: lipooligosaccharides (LOS)

Flashcard 189: Which gram-negative obligate aerobe often causes nocosomial pneumonia?_____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 190: What is the gram stain of Legionella?_____

Answer: Gram negative*

Flashcard 191: Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with wound and burn infections?_____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 192: Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with Otitis Externa (swimmer's ear)?_____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 193: Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients?_____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 194: _____ is a gram-negative nocosomial bacterial infection that has respiratory therapy equipment as a risk factor.

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 195: What lab finding distinguishes between E. coli and Enterobacter?_____

Answer: Indole positivity (in E. coli)

Flashcard 196: Endotoxin generates a _____ (strength) antibody response

Answer: weak

Flashcard 197: Neisseria can be grown on _____ agar and thayer-martin media

Answer: chocolate

Flashcard 198: Which gram-negative bacteria has a fishy odor?_____

Answer: Proteus mirabilis

Flashcard 199: Which gram negative enteric bacteria is catalase positive?_____

Answer: E. coli

Flashcard 200: What color colonies do lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria yield on MacConkey agar?_____

Answer: Pink

Flashcard 201: Mesenteric adenitis is most commonly associated with _____

Answer: Yersinia enterocolitica (bug)

Flashcard 202: Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces _____, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill competing microbes

Answer: pyocyanin

Flashcard 203: Vibrio cholerae is acid-_____ (stable or labile)

Answer: labile

Flashcard 204: Neisseria _____ does not have a polysaccharide capsule

Answer: gonorrhoeae

Flashcard 205: Which curved gram negative rod is invasive and can thus cause bacteremia?_____

Answer: Campylobacter jejuni

Flashcard 206: What is the shape and stain of Campylobacter jejuni?_____

Answer: Gram negative curved rod

Flashcard 207: Gram Negative Algorithm:Comma-shaped rod, grows at 42C - _____

Answer: Campylobacter jejuni

Flashcard 208: The _____ in E. coli allow for attachment to the urinary tract

Answer: Type I P pili/fimbria

Flashcard 209: What is the gram stain of Yersinia?_____

Answer: gram negative

Flashcard 210: What is the shape of Francisella tularensis?_____

Answer: Coccobacillus

Flashcard 211: What gram staining group have porins in their wall?_____

Answer: Gram negative, and thus can downregulate porins in -lactam resistance

Flashcard 212: Lipooligosaccharide of _____ spp. causes a massive inflammatory response

Answer: Neisseria

Flashcard 213: Which protein found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa functions to generate ROS that kill competing microbes?_____

Answer: Pyocyanin

Flashcard 214: Tracheal toxin is produced by _____ and functions to damage ciliated epithelial tissue.

Answer: Bordetella pertussis

Flashcard 215: What cause of osteomyelitis is more common in IV drug users and diabetics? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas

Flashcard 216: Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with Diabetic Osteomyelitis?_____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 217: The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella) are associated with endocarditis with _____ blood cultures

Answer: negative

Flashcard 218: Which cause of sterile urethritis shows up on staining as gram (-) diplococci?_____

Answer: N. gonorrhoeae

Flashcard 219: Which pet animals are associated with Campylobacter infection?_____

Answer: Puppies

Flashcard 220: Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the _____ first

Answer: nasopharynx

Flashcard 221: What organism is responsible for recurrent pulmonary infections in an adolescent cystic fibrosis patient? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 222: What infectious organism is the most common (80%) cause of cystitis? _____

Answer: E. coli

Flashcard 223: Gram Negative Algorithm:Diplococci are _____ organisms

Answer: aerobic (aerobic/anaerobic)

Flashcard 224: Which of the curved, negative rods is urease positive?_____

Answer: Helicobacter pylori

Flashcard 225: Shigella forms _____ colonies on Hektoen agar

Answer: green

Flashcard 226: What is the gram stain of Haemophilus influenzae?_____

Answer: Gram negative

Flashcard 227: Gram Negative Algorithm:All comma-shaped rods are cytochrome oxidase _____

Answer: positive (positive or negative)

Flashcard 228: Which exotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa functions to inactivate EF-2 via ADP-Ribosylation?_____

Answer: Exotoxin A

Flashcard 229: Pancreatic abscess is often due to _____ infection

Answer: E. coli

Flashcard 230: Which gram negative rod is resistant to cold temperatures?_____

Answer: Yersinia enterocolitica

Flashcard 231: Most rods (and coccobacillus) are gram _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 232: _____ E. coli produces no toxin and adheres to intestinal epithelium

Answer: Enteropathogenic

Flashcard 233: Which agar detects the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)?_____

Answer: Hektoen agar

Flashcard 234: Is Enterobacter motile?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 235: Which enteric gram negative coccobacillus has a bipolar (safety-pin) staining pattern?_____

Answer: Yersinia pestis

Flashcard 236: What is the gram stain of Proteus?_____

Answer: Gram negative

Flashcard 237: Does Serratia have a capsule?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 238: Which zoonotic (non-enteric) gram negative coccobacillus has a bipolar (safety-pin) staining pattern?_____

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Flashcard 239: What is the gram stain of Coxiella burnetti?_____

Answer: Gram negative

Flashcard 240: Does Enterobacter ferment lactose? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 241: Does Salmonella ferment lactose?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 242: What is the gram stain of Bartonella henselae?_____

Answer: Gram negative

Flashcard 243: Does Klebsiella have a capsule?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 244: Is Proteus mirabilis urease-positive?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 245: Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of _____ (CNS pathology)

Answer: meningitis

Flashcard 246: What is the oxidase expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?_____

Answer: Positive

Flashcard 247: MacConkey's agar can also be used to differentiate _____ fermenters

Answer: lactose

Flashcard 248: What is the etiology of meningococcemia?_____

Answer: Neisseria meningitidis

Flashcard 249: Does Serratia ferment lactose? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 250: _____ are composed of a lipopolysaccharide complex (LPS)

Answer: Endotoxin (Exo or Endotoxin)

Flashcard 251: What is the most common cause of UTIs?_____

Answer: E. coli

Flashcard 252: Legionella pneumophila is _____ positive

Answer: oxidase

Flashcard 253: Which gram-negative rod produces an exotoxin that ADP-ribosylates EF-2?_____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 254: Which of the common gram-negative nosocomial infections(Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter)is urease-positive?_____

Answer: Klebsiella

Flashcard 255: Is Klebsiella motile?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 256: Which part of Lipopolysaccharide is a target for antibodies?_____

Answer: O antigen

Flashcard 257: There is no N. gonorrhoeae vaccine due to _____ of the pilus proteins.

Answer: antigenic variation

Flashcard 258: _____ is released when bacteria die

Answer: Endotoxin (Exo or Endotoxin)

Flashcard 259: Beta-lactamase enzymes are found in the periplasm of gram _____ bacteria

Answer: negative

Flashcard 260: Red bacteria of a gram stain are gram _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 261: Shigella secretes effector proteins via a _____ secretion system

Answer: type III

Flashcard 262: What is the oxygen dependency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?_____

Answer: Obligate aerobe

Flashcard 263: Does Klebsiella ferment lactose? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 264: E. coli will stain _____ on MacConkey agar

Answer: pink

Flashcard 265: What is the most common cause of gram negative sepsis?_____

Answer: E. coli

Flashcard 266: What type of bacteria (gram stain, shape) is Pseudomonas?_____

Answer: Gram negative rod

Flashcard 267: Which special culture media/agar is used to isolate Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis?_____

Answer: Thayer-Martin (VPN) media (... aka ...)

Flashcard 268: What Pseudomonas virulence factor degrades cell membranes?_____

Answer: Phospholipase C

Flashcard 269: Does E. coli ferment lactose?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 270: Proteus mirabilis is said to have a _____ odor

Answer: fishy

Flashcard 271: What is the stain and shape of Vibrio spp.?_____

Answer: Gram negative comma (curved) rod

Flashcard 272: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is _____ positive, thus patients with chronic granulomatous disease are susceptible to infection

Answer: catalase

Flashcard 273: Proteus mirabilis commonly causes _____ infections

Answer: urinary tract

Flashcard 274: What is the stain and shape of Helicobacter pylori?_____

Answer: Gram negative curved/spiral rod

Flashcard 275: Which gram negative rod can mimic appendicitis (pseudoappendicitis)?_____

Answer: Yersinia enterocolitica

Flashcard 276: What is the gram stain of Francisella tularensis?_____

Answer: Gram negative

Flashcard 277: What gram negative bug that causes meningococcal meningitis is treated with penicillin G or ceftriaxone?_____

Answer: Neisseria meningitidis

Flashcard 278: Vibrio _____ is associated with wound infections that contact contaminated seafood or water

Answer: vulnificus

Flashcard 279: What cause of osteomyelitis is more common in dog and cat bites? _____

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Flashcard 280: Campylobacter jejuni, _____ and Helicobacter pylori are all curved rods that are oxidase positive

Answer: Vibrio cholera

Flashcard 281: Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with hot tub folliculitis?_____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 282: Is Serratia motile?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 283: Gram Negative Algorithm:Comma-shaped rod, grows on alkaline media - _____

Answer: Vibrio cholerae

Flashcard 284: Which part of endotoxin is targeted by the immune system?_____

Answer: O antigen

Flashcard 285: What is the gram stain of Brucella?_____

Answer: Gram negative

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Neisseria species (meningitidis, gonorrhoeae)

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Escherichia coli

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Proteus species

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Haemophilus influenzae

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Bordetella pertussis

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Legionella pneumophila

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Bacteroides and anaerobic gram-negatives

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Helicobacter pylori

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Campylobacter jejuni

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Vibrio species

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