Bacteria US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Bacteria with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Bacteria Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 81: What culture medium is used to isolate H. influenzae?
Answer: chocolate agar with NAD+ and hematin
Flashcard 82: Describe the characteristics of the stationary phase in the bacterial growth curve.
Answer: Nutrient depletion and accumulation of toxic waste slows growth (growth rate = death rate); spore formation occurs here if applicable.
Extra: Bacterial Growth Curve Phases:\n1. Lag phase: Metabolic activity without division.\n2. Log phase: Exponential growth (best for antibiotics like Penicillin).\n3. Stationary phase: Plateau; spores form.\n4. Death phase: Exponential decline.
Flashcard 83: What cytokines are released by activated macrophages?
Answer: IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-α
Extra: Activated macrophages also produce Nitric Oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are antimicrobial mediators but not cytokines.
Flashcard 84: botulinum toxin
Answer: Clostridium botulinum
Extra: inhibits release of neurotransmitter cleaves SNARE protein required for stimulatory NT release flaccid paralysis
Flashcard 85: tetanospasmin
Answer: Clostridium tetani
Extra: inhibits release of neurotransmitter cleaves SNARE protein required for inhibitory NT release muscle tetany
Flashcard 86: pertussis toxin
Answer: Bordatella pertussis
Extra: inhibits phagocytosis by host overactivates adenylate cyclase characteristic "whooping" cough
Flashcard 87: edema factor
Answer: Bacillus anthracis
Extra: increases fluid secretions mimics activity of adenylate cyclase edematous border of black eschar
Flashcard 88: shiga-like toxin (SLT)
Answer: enterohemorrhagic E. coli (esp. 0157:H7 strain)
Extra: protein synthesis inhibitor inactivates 60S ribosome HUS
Flashcard 89: Organism that produces Shiga toxin (ST)
Answer: Shigella dysenteriae
Extra: Mechanism: Protein synthesis inhibitor; inactivates the 60S ribosome by removing adenine from 28S rRNA.
Clinical: GI mucosal damage (dysentery), Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).
Flashcard 90: Compare the heat stability of exotoxins and endotoxins.
Answer: exo - low, destroyed at 60° C
endo - high, stable to 100° C
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