Diabetic nephropathy — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: What is the most common nephropathy worldwide? _____

Answer: IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

Flashcard 2: Does untreated diabetic nephropathy typically present as a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?

Answer: Nephrotic syndrome

Extra: Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It progresses from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria (nephrotic syndrome) and eventually to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), but it does not typically manifest as a nephritic syndrome.

Flashcard 3: What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the U.S.? _____

Answer: Diabetic glomerulonephropathy

Flashcard 4: Which class of renal disorders may be treated with loop diuretics? _____

Answer: Nephrotic syndrome

Flashcard 5: Nephritic syndrome is associated with _____ BUN and creatinine

Answer: increased

Flashcard 6: One of the most feared complications of type 2 diabetes is _____

Answer: hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic syndrome

Flashcard 7: In patients with hypertension and what comorbidity should ACE inhibitors / ARBs become first line?_____

Answer: Hypertension with Diabetes Mellitus

Flashcard 8: Deficient enzyme and accumulated substrate in Fabry disease?

Answer: α-galactosidase A deficiency; accumulation of ceramide trihexoside.

Extra: Inheritance: X-linked recessive (XR) Triad of clinical features: 1. Peripheral neuropathy (episodic pain in hands/feet) 2. Angiokeratomas (reddish-purple skin rash) 3. Hypohidrosis (decreased sweating) Late complications: Renal failure, cardiovascular disease.

Flashcard 9: What are the clinical features and genetics associated with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)?

Answer: Clinical features: Flank pain, hematuria, hypertension, progressive renal failure. Associated with: Berry aneurysms, Mitral Valve Prolapse, Liver cysts. Genetics: Mutations in PKD1 (85%, chromosome 16) or PKD2 (15%, chromosome 4).

Extra: Morphology: Bilateral massive enlargement of kidneys with multiple cysts. Inheritance: Autosomal Dominant. PKD1 encodes Polycystin-1; PKD2 encodes Polycystin-2.