Heart failure — Flashcards
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Heart failure may present with dependent _____ edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure
What is the effect of cardiogenic shock on pulse pressure? _____
How does ejection fraction change in heart failure with systolic dysfunction? _____
The skull, femur, and pelvic bones are most commonly affected in _____
Hint: MSK disorder
One consequence of renal failure is _____ and _____ retention with resulting hypertension, heart failure, and pulmonary edema
Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) may present with late inspiratory _____ [sound:30 SO - Bronchial Breath Sounds and Late-Inspiratory Crackles.mp3]
Exudative pleural effusions must be drained due to risk of _____
Transudative pleural effusion is characterized by _____ protein content
Kidney stones can lead to severe complications including _____ and pyelonephritis
The _____ stage of ATN is characterized by tubular re-epithelialization
Heart failure US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Heart failure with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Heart failure Flashcard Deck - 242 Cards
Flashcard 1: Heart failure may present with dependent _____ edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure
Answer: pitting
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: What is the effect of cardiogenic shock on pulse pressure? _____
Answer: Decreased pulse pressure
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: How does ejection fraction change in heart failure with systolic dysfunction? _____
Answer: Reduced EF
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: The skull, femur, and pelvic bones are most commonly affected in _____
Answer: Paget's disease
Extra: Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: One consequence of renal failure is _____ and _____ retention with resulting hypertension, heart failure, and pulmonary edema
Answer: Na+
Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) may present with late inspiratory _____ [sound:30 SO - Bronchial Breath Sounds and Late-Inspiratory Crackles.mp3]
Answer: crackles
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: Exudative pleural effusions must be drained due to risk of _____
Answer: infection
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: Transudative pleural effusion is characterized by _____ protein content
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: Kidney stones can lead to severe complications including _____ and pyelonephritis
Answer: hydronephrosis
Extra: Watch Hydronephrosis & Urinary Tract Obstruction [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-hydronephrosis-and-urinary-tract-obstruction?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: The _____ stage of ATN is characterized by tubular re-epithelialization
Answer: recovery
Extra: * Results in gradual increase in urine output with high-volume diuresis, decreased concentrations of K, Mg, PO4, and Ca due to slowly recovering tubular function Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Systolic dysfunction (heart failure) occurs due to decreased _____, often secondary to ischemia/MI or dilated cardiomyopathy
Answer: contractility
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: Left heart failure causes decreased forward perfusion to the kidneys, resulting in activation of the _____ system
Answer: renin-angiotensin
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: What is the likely diagnosis in an African American woman who presents with Raynaud's phenomenon and signs of right-sided heart failure (RV heave, dyspnea, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly)? _____
Answer: Pulmonary arterial HTN secondary to systemic sclerosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: Systolic dysfunction as a result of dilated cardiomyopathy may lead to biventricular _____
Answer: congestive heart failure
Extra: Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: Hypotension, clear lungs, and kussmaul sign are clinical findings _____ ventricular failure immediately after a myocardial infarction
Answer: right
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: _____ is the excess accumulation of fluid between lung pleural layers
Answer: Pleural effusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: Asthma classically presents with episodic cough, dyspnea, and _____ (lung sound)
Answer: wheezing
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki Asthma key points: - seen in younger pts, especially if there is a hx of allergies/eczema - wheezing, dyspnea, cough (remember, wheezing is simply the flow of air through a constricted airway) - PE: wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase - PE: hyperinflation & hyperresonance are ominous signs and signify greater airway constriction - PE: severe dyspnea (accessory muscle use and/or no lung sounds) = status asthmaticus = medical emergency - chronic vs. acute management has big difference.
Flashcard 18: _____ sign is increased jugular venous pressure on inspiration
Answer: Kussmaul
Extra: Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pericardial-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Cachexia is a syndrome of weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occurs in _____ diseases
Answer: chronic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in postrenal azotemia? _____
Answer: > 40 mEq/L*
Extra: * due to tubular epithelial dysfunction -> failure to reabsorb sodium Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 21: ARDS presents with bilateral _____
Answer: diffuse crackles
Extra: Watch Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: Obesity may cause chronic hypoxia, which leads to pulmonary hypertension and eventual _____
Answer: cor pulmonale (right HF)
Extra: Watch Restrictive Lung Disease (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-restrictive-lung-disease-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome are partially or totally relieved by _____
Answer: movement
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/sleep-and-psychosomatic-conditions?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: Right-sided heart failure may present with _____ in the abdomen/peritoneal cavity due to portal hypertension
Answer: ascites
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: Lung cancer, especially central tumors, may present with _____
Answer: wheezing
Extra: Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: Clinical features of right heart failure are due to _____ congestion
Answer: systemic
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: Constrictive pericarditis may cause right heart failure leading to _____ due to rigid pericardium preventing ventricular expansion and restricting diastolic filling
Answer: hepatomegaly
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: Left heart failure may present with _____, which is shortness of breath when supine
Answer: orthopnea
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: What is the most common cause of hospital readmission in patients with medicare? _____
Answer: CHF
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: What is the initial treatment for asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with SIADH? _____
Answer: Fluid restriction ± salt tablets
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: Patients with prolonged, untreated obstructive sleep apnea can develop _____ and a resultant right heart failure
Answer: pulmonary hypertension
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: One complication of Paget disease of bone is _____ due to formation of AV shunts in bone
Answer: high-output heart failure
Extra: Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 33: Chronic complications of emphysema include _____ (due to destruction of capillaries in the alveolar sac) with eventual cor pulmonale
Answer: hypoxemia
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: Mesothelioma presents with recurrent _____, dyspnea, and chest pain
Answer: pleural effusions
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: _____ and _____ are used to distinguish CHF from ARDS
Answer: S3/S4
Extra: Watch Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: SIADH is characterized by _____ osmolality > _____ osmolality
Answer: urine
Extra: * Inappropriately concentrated urine > 100mOsm/kg due to RAAS, BNP, and reabsorption of water via ADH Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: Sleep apnea is associated with _____ due to nocturnal hypoxia
Answer: pulmonary hypertension
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-disorders/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: Peribronchial edema is the cause of wheezing in _____-sided heart failure
Answer: left
Extra: * Bibasilar crackles seen in MI with LAD occlusion Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Chronic mitral regurgitation may result in volume overload and _____-sided heart failure
Answer: left
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-stenosis-acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: Systolic heart failure presents with _____ preload *bonus: why?
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: Intrarenal azotemia is generally due to _____ necrosis or ischemia/toxins
Answer: acute tubular
Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 42: Cor pulmonale refers to isolated _____ due to pulmonary cause
Answer: right heart failure
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction → cor pulmonale (RV failure) → peripheral edema/congested liver (RHF),
Flashcard 43: Pulmonary hypertension may present with exertional _____ and right-sided heart failure
Answer: dyspnea
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Hydralazine is often combined with a(n) _____ to treat heart failure due to LV systolic dysfunction
Answer: organic nitrate
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antihypertensives) Watch Primary hypertension & hypertensive emergency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antihypertensives-primary-hypertension-and-hypertensive-emergency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: What is the most common cause of death in patients with acromegaly? _____
Answer: Heart failure
Extra: Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: NSAIDs can cause _____ nephritis as an adverse effect
Answer: acute interstitial
Extra: Watch NSAIDs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-nsaids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: What is the last resort treatment for IgG-mediated hemolytic anemia? _____
Answer: Splenectomy
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 48: Pompe disease is characterized by _____-megaly
Answer: cardio
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: In SIADH, serum Na+ levels must be corrected slowly to prevent _____ syndrome
Answer: osmotic demyelination
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 50: Atelectasis (bronchial / bronchiole obstruction) presents with _____ fremitus
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 51: _____ shock may be caused by acute MI, HF, valvular dysfunction, and arrhythmia (pump failure)
Answer: Cardiogenic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: Diastolic dysfunction (heart failure) occurs due to decreased _____, often secondary to myocardial concentric hypertrophy
Answer: compliance
Extra: * due to concentric hypertrophy & increased wall thickness Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: Pneumonia may present with _____ breath sounds and dullness to percussion
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: Digoxin is used for symptomatic relief of chronic _____
Answer: systolic heart failure
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Cardiac Glycosides) Watch Digoxin, milrinone, nesiritide [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-heart-failure-drugs-digoxin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Restrictive cardiomyopathy can present with JVD and a prominent _____ on jugular venous pressure tracings
Answer: Y descent
Extra: Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: The decreased ionized Ca2+ in chronic renal failure causes _____, which is characterized by increased levels of PTH
Answer: secondary hyperparathyroidism
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: Congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and excessive peripheral edema may cause _____ hyperaldosteronism
Answer: secondary
Extra: Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in acute tubular necrosis? _____
Answer: > 2% (elevated)
Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 59: ACS, dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular insufficiency, and L-R shunts may cause _____ heart failure
Answer: systolic
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: How does ejection fraction change in heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? _____
Answer: Preserved EF
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in acute tubular necrosis? _____
Answer: > 40 mEq/L
Extra: * loss of polarity of tubular epithelium -> unble to reabsorb Na+ Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 62: Acute kidney injury (pre-renal, intrarenal, or postrenal) leads to _____ serum creatinine and/or _____ urine output
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: β-blockers must be used cautiously in _____ and are contraindicated in cardiogenic shock
Answer: decompensated HF
Extra: #REF! Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: How does osmolarity change with SIADH? _____
Answer: Decreased (hyposmolarity)
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 65: One complication that may occur during the first 4 hours post-MI is _____, which occurs due to inefficient pumping of the left ventricle
Answer: congestive heart failure
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: _____ diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia with an inability to concentrate urine due to lack of response to ADH
Answer: Nephrogenic
Extra: * Generous pee stream = polyuria Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/urology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: In diabetes insipidus, the water deprivation test fails to _____ urine osmolality
Answer: increase
Extra: = Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: _____ lines may also be seen on a chest x-ray of a patient with acute decompensated heart failure
Answer: Kerley B
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: Indications for acute dialysis may be remembered with the mnemonic AEIOU: A - _____ E - severe Electrolyte abnormalities I - substance Intoxication O - volume Overload U - Uremic symptoms
Answer: Acidosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: Nephrotic syndrome results in _____, which manifests as pitting edema and secondary hyperaldosteronism
Answer: hypoalbuminemia
Extra: Watch Nephrotic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Step Up to Medicine: ↓ oncotic pressure + activation of RAAS from ↓ ECV = ↑ leak + Na/H2O reabsorption
Flashcard 71: What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in long-standing (severe) postrenal azotemia? _____
Answer: > 2% (elevated)
Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 72: Central diabetes insipidus is caused by failure of the posterior pituitary to secrete _____
Answer: ADH
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: Left heart failure may present with pulmonary _____ due to increased pulmonary venous pressure
Answer: edema
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Constrictive pericarditis = _____ HF
Answer: diastolic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: What is the treatment plan for acute decompensated heart failure? L_____ - most important intervention M_____ - limited evidence for use N_____ O_____ P_____
Answer: asix (furosemide)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: heart > 50% AP diameter cephalization of pulmonary vessels Kerly B lines interstitial edema _____
Answer: CHF
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: Which is a more common complication of Paget disease of the bone (PDB)? _____
Answer: Impaired hearing
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: The NYHA classification of heart failure is based on _____
Answer: degree of functional limitation (i.e. activity tolerance)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in heart failure? _____
Answer: ↓ Renal perfusion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: Cor pulmonale refers to isolated _____ due to pulmonary cause (pulmonary hypertension, COPD)
Answer: right heart failure
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: In acute prerenal failure, _____ rises relatively more
Answer: BUN
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure, which leads to _____ contractility, stroke volume, and therefore cardiac output
Answer: reduced
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: _____
Answer: D
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: How are the following diagnostic parameters affected in high-output congestive heart failure? Cardiac index: _____ PCWP: _____ Systemic vascular resistance: _____
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: What is the likely diagnosis in an African American woman who presents with Raynaud's phenomenon and signs of right-sided heart failure (RV heave, dyspnea, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly)? _____
Answer: Pulmonary arterial HTN secondary to systemic sclerosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: Dilated cardiomyopathy = _____ dysfunction
Answer: systolic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: What electrolyte abnormality parallels severity of congestive heart failure? _____
Answer: Hyponatremia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: What is the treatment for normal pressure hydrocephalus? _____
Answer: Serial large volume lumbar punctures; if symptoms are relieved, then a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is placed
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: High-output heart failure = _____ LAP and _____ CO and _____ TPR
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: Mucus plugging can lead to large volume _____ due to airway obstruction
Answer: atelectasis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: Elevated BNP = _____
Answer: S3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: The osmolarity of urine in patients with intrinsic renal azotemia will be _____
Answer: low
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: Renal osteodystrophy is often seen in _____ patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism
Answer: renal failure
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: What is the likely cause of hypervolemic hyponatremia? _____
Answer: Fluid overload
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: _____ = SIADH
Answer: Small cell carcinoma
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: Treatment of right-sided HF is _____
Answer: IVF
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: Severe anemia = _____ heart failure
Answer: high-output
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: During ventilation, increasing the _____ or _____ are the 2 main methods of improving arterial oxygenation
Answer: FiO2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: _____[sound:37 SO - S3 Gallop.mp3] After hearing this, the next step should be giving IV diuretics for symptomatic relief
Answer: S3 gallop
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: What BUN:creatinine ratio is indicative of prerenal acute kidney injury? _____
Answer: > 20:1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: Acute kidney injury can cause a non-anion gap or anion-gap _____
Answer: acidosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: Peripheral edema is seen in SIADH _____
Answer: F
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: One cause of heart failure is due to _____tension causing ↑ TPR
Answer: hyper
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: Passive congestion is generally a sign of _____
Answer: decompensated right heart failure
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: CHF + EF < 35% = add _____ or biventricular pacemaker
Answer: automated implantable cardioverter defribrillator (AICD)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: Pulmonary exam of _____ exacerbation will show bibasilar crackles, respiratory alkalosis +/- wheezing
Answer: CHF
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: Can diastolic heart failure cause edematous lungs? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: A young pt presents w/ cough, wheezing, and dyspnea. His PMHx is significant for allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and eczema. Physical exam reveals wheezing in the BL upper lobes and a prolonged expiratory phase. What is the most likely Dx? _____
Answer: Asthma
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with preexisting lung disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis; COPD) who presents with JVD, hepatomegaly, and pitting edema? _____
Answer: Cor pulmonale
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: Assessing _____ can help distinguish cardiac disease from hepatic disease in a patient presenting with bilateral lower extremity edema and ascites
Answer: hepatojugular reflux
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: What acid-base disorder does uremia cause? _____
Answer: ↑ anion gap metabolic acidosis
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: _____ sleep apnea occurs due to no respiratory effort (e.g. CNS injury, HF, opioids)
Answer: Central
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-disorders/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: _____ is worst prognostic factor on Goldman Index
Answer: JVD
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: Does cellulitis have defined margins? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: Ventilator Settings: Pressure-Support: _____ sets the rate but the ventilator provides a boost of _____ with each breath
Answer: Patient
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: What is the likely diagnosis in a college student with a recent viral URI that presents with high-grade fever, productive cough with hemoptysis, and leukopenia? CXR reveals bilateral alveolar infiltrates and multiple cavitations. _____
Answer: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: _____ is a erythematous, poorly-defined infection of the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue
Answer: Cellulitis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: JVD, crackles and SOB post-AV conduit formation is suggestive of _____
Answer: high output cardiac failure
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: How are the following diagnostic parameters affected in congestive heart failure? Left ventricular end-diastolic volume: _____ Systemic vascular resistance:: _____
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: Edema and cyanosis = _____
Answer: chronic bronchitis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: Stage 3 Heart Failure (difficulty with exertion) = add _____ or BiDil
Answer: spironolactone
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Flashcard 122: Paget disease of the bone involves the skull in 40% of cases, which frequently leads to _____
Answer: impaired hearing
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Flashcard 123: ARDS = _____ PCWP
Answer: ↔
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: Right-heart failure following implantable pacemaker / cardioverter-defibrillator placement = _____
Answer: tricuspid regurgitation
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Flashcard 125: Antibiotics should be given to patients with COPD exacerbation if they have an increase in ≥ 2 of the following symptoms: _____, cough, or sputum production (cardinal symptoms)
Answer: dyspnea
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: What is the first-line therapy for urge incontinence? _____
Answer: Bladder training
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Flashcard 127: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a recent URI that presents with CHF, dilated ventricles with diffuse hypokinesia, and low ejection fraction on echocardiogram? _____
Answer: Dilated cardiomyopathy
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Flashcard 128: When a patient has a COPD exacerbation (↓SpO2 or ↑sputum/cough), treat with the following regimen: _____
Answer: Antibiotics (nebulized) Bronchodilators Corticosteroids (IV methylprednisolone) Oxygen
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Flashcard 129: CHF and pleural effusion is managed with _____
Answer: trial of diuretics
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: Prerenal azotemia = _____ serum BUN/Cr ratio
Answer: ↑
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Flashcard 131: Cheyne-Stokes respiration is associated with _____
Answer: severe heart or brain failure (↑ CO2)
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Flashcard 132: Polyneuritis (tingling, numbness) and high output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) = _____ deficiency
Answer: thiamine
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Flashcard 133: Acute decompensated heart failure and hypoxemia / respiratory distress should be given _____
Answer: noninvasive ventilation
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Flashcard 134: Restless leg syndrome is associated with _____ deficiency
Answer: iron
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Flashcard 135: Oliguria is a urine output of _____ mL/kg/h Anuria is a urine output of _____
Answer: <0.5
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Flashcard 136: Exudative pleural effusions must meet one of Light's criteria, which are: Pleural protein/serum protein > _____ Pleural LDH/serum LDH > _____ or Pleural LDH _____ upper limit of normal serum LDH
Answer: 0.5
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Flashcard 137: Barrel chest is suggestive of _____
Answer: emphysema
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Flashcard 138: Orthopnea, exertional and nocturnal dyspnea is suggestive of _____
Answer: Left HF
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Flashcard 139: Hypothyroidism = _____natremia
Answer: hypo
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Flashcard 140: Progressive exertional dyspnea and nonproductive cough +/- crackles is suggestive of _____
Answer: interstitial lung disease
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Flashcard 141: _____ is the most common cause of secondary pneumonia (e.g. post-flu)
Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Flashcard 142: Urine osmolarity in prerenal failure = _____ Urine osmolarity in intrinsic renal failure = _____
Answer: > 500 mOsm/kg
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: What is the likely diagnosis in a euvolemic patient with low serum osmolality (< 275 mOsm/kg) and high urine osmolality (> 100 mOsm/kg)? _____
Answer: SIADH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki also typically have elevated urine sodium concentration (> 40 mEq/L) - sucking water in with ADH < 275 in the serum, > 100 in the urine, > 40 salt in the urine. commonly precipitated by pulmonary pathologies; hyponatremia may worsen with saline infusion due to free water retention - urine osmolality > serum osmolality due to excessive retention of water. commonly precipitated by pulmonary pathologies; hyponatremia may worsen with saline infusion due to free water retention - urine osmolality > serum osmolality due to excessive retention of water.
Flashcard 144: Bilateral lung opacification without HF is suggestive of _____ and ventilation w/PEEP
Answer: ARDS (edema)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: Inotropes (e.g. milrinone, dobutamine) = _____ heart failure
Answer: severe
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: Patients with suspected Guillain-Barré syndrome should have their pulmonary function assessed with serial _____
Answer: spirometry
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Flashcard 147: Is a unilateral pleural effusion secondary to congestive heart failure more likely to be right-sided or left-sided? _____
Answer: Right-sided (27%)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: High CO2 and respiratory acidosis = _____ exacerbation Low CO2 and respiratory alkalosis = _____ exacerbation
Answer: COPD
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 149: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with respiratory distress, crackles on examination, hypoxemia, and diffuse, bilateral alveolar infiltrates not due to CHF/fluid overload? _____
Answer: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 150: Untreated acromegaly can cause _____ myocardial hypertrophy leading to diastolic heart failure
Answer: concentric
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Flashcard 151: - Papillary muscle rupture will present with findings of _____ heart failure - Interventricular septum rupture will present with findings of _____ heart failure
Answer: left
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Flashcard 152: JVD and pitting edema = _____ sided heart failure
Answer: right
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with prosthetic mitral valve that presents with shortness of breath and bibasilar crackles? _____
Answer: Prosthetic valve thrombosis (~ mitral stenosis)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 154: What is the likely diagnosis in a COPD patient with JVD, hepatomegaly, and pitting edema? _____
Answer: Cor pulmonale
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: Untreated acromegaly can cause _____ myocardial hypertrophy, leading to diastolic heart failure
Answer: concentric
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Flashcard 156: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient living in a nursing facility that presents with a 2 x 1 cm skin ulcer overlying the sacral region? _____
Answer: Pressure (decubitus) ulcer
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/leg-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 157: Dilated cardiomyopathy = _____
Answer: S3
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Flashcard 158: Ventilator Settings: If low PaCO2 and ↑ pH → decrease _____ or _____
Answer: RR
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Flashcard 159: What is the most common cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)? _____
Answer: Chronic uncontrolled hypertension
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Flashcard 160: The most common respiratory complication of drowning is _____, caused by the aspiration of liquid that washes out alveolar surfactant
Answer: ARDS
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 161: Which type of parapneumonic effusion is characterized by the following values: pH < 7.2 Glucose < 60 mg/dl WBC > 50,000/mm3 Gram stain/culture: negative _____
Answer: Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 162: Reduce intake of [_____] and H2O in heart failure to reduce fluid overload
Answer: Na
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 163: CHF or cirrhosis = _____volemic hyponatremia
Answer: hyper
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki hypervolemic hyponatremia (↑ fluid retention); after administration of diuretics, this hyponatremia may resolve due to excess water diuresis compared to sodium loss. 1) Cirrhosis = vasodilation (↓ TPR) 2) ↓ ECV due to vasodilation 3) ↓ ECV = ↑ ADH and RAAS (try to retain Na/H2O) 4) ↑ ADH = ↑ TBW (explains hyponatremia)
Flashcard 164: Muscle Strength Evaluation _____ = some movement against resistance
Answer: 4/5
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Flashcard 165: Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) may present with late inspiratory _____ [sound:30 SO - Bronchial Breath Sounds and Late-Inspiratory Crackles.mp3]
Answer: crackles
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Flashcard 166: Ischemic heart failure = add _____ and statin
Answer: aspirin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 167: Benign prostatic hyperplasia may present with _____ (increased urination throughout the night)
Answer: nocturia
Flashcard 168: Paget disease of bone often presents with _____ loss due to CN impingement from foramen narrowing
Answer: hearing
Flashcard 169: Central sleep apnea is treated with _____
Answer: positive airway pressure
Flashcard 170: What cancer may be associated with IgM-mediated immune hemolytic anemia?_____
Answer: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Flashcard 171: What sound on respiratory exam may be associated with heart failure? _____
Answer: Rales / crackles
Flashcard 172: _____ syndrome is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough
Answer: Obesity hypoventilation
Flashcard 173: SIADH is characterized by increased _____ of free water
Answer: retention
Flashcard 174: ACE inhibitors are first line agents in the treatment of heart _____
Answer: failure
Flashcard 175: Chronic complications of chronic bronchitis include pulmonary hypertension with progression to _____
Answer: cor pulmonale
Flashcard 176: Systolic dysfunction as a result of dilated cardiomyopathy may lead to biventricular _____
Answer: congestive heart failure
Flashcard 177: Clinical features of right heart failure are due to _____ congestion
Answer: systemic
Flashcard 178: Which class of renal disorders may be treated with loop diuretics? _____
Answer: Nephrotic syndrome
Flashcard 179: Pleural effusion presents with _____ breath sounds (increased or decreased)
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 180: _____ shock may be caused by acute MI, HF, valvular dysfunction, and arrhythmia (pump failure)
Answer: Cardiogenic
Flashcard 181: Loop diuretics may be used to treat the symptoms of pulmonary _____ in an acute heart failure exacerbation
Answer: edema
Flashcard 182: What is the most common cause of hospital readmission in patients with medicare?_____
Answer: CHF
Flashcard 183: Bronchiectasis is associated with poor _____ motility (e.g. smoking, Kartagener syndrome)
Answer: ciliary
Flashcard 184: Dilated cardiomyopathy results in _____ dysfunction (systolic or diastolic)
Answer: systolic
Flashcard 185: Pleural effusion can be treated with _____ to remove fluid
Answer: thoracentesis
Flashcard 186: Do upper motoneuron lesions present with weakness? _____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 187: Systolic dysfunction (heart failure) occurs due to decreased _____, often secondary to ischemia/MI or dilated cardiomyopathy
Answer: contractility
Flashcard 188: The presence of the heart sound S3 in middle-aged or older adults indicates volume _____
Answer: overload
Flashcard 189: Digoxin is used for symptomatic relief of chronic _____
Answer: systolic heart failure
Flashcard 190: How does osmolarity change with SIADH? _____
Answer: Decreased (hyposmolarity)
Flashcard 191: Do ACE inhibitors reduce mortality in patients with heart failure and MI?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 192: What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in prerenal azotemia? _____
Answer: > 500 mOsm/kg (normal)
Flashcard 193: Chronic mitral regurgitation may result in volume overload and _____-sided heart failure
Answer: left
Flashcard 194: _____ lines may also be seen on a chest x-ray of a patient with acute decompensated heart failure
Answer: Kerley B
Flashcard 195: _____ is a common viral cause of atypical pneumonia in the elderly
Answer: Influenza
Flashcard 196: What type of pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?_____
Answer: Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia aka walking pneumonia
Flashcard 197: _____ is defined as the permanent dilatation of bronchioles and bronchi
Answer: Bronchiectasis
Flashcard 198: Asthma may cause excessive production of mucus with resultant mucus _____
Answer: plugging
Flashcard 199: _____ is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics caused by GAS, and presents with a well-defined demarcation between infected and normal skin.
Answer: Erysipelas
Flashcard 200: How does ejection fraction change in heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? _____
Answer: Preserved EF
Flashcard 201: What demographic is associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?_____
Answer: Young adults (< 30 y.o.)
Flashcard 202: In large pleural effusions, the trachea may deviate _____ the side of the lesion
Answer: away from
Flashcard 203: What is the most common cause of death in patients with acromegaly? _____
Answer: Heart failure
Flashcard 204: Pleural effusion presents with _____ fremitus
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 205: Which infectious skin disorder is an acute, painful infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue? _____
Answer: Cellulitis
Flashcard 206: How does EDV change in heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? _____
Answer: Normal EDV
Flashcard 207: Bronchiectasis may present with dyspnea and cough with _____
Answer: hemoptysis
Flashcard 208: In ARDS, leakage of protein-rich fluid leads to noncardiogenic pulmonary _____ (normal PCWP)
Answer: edema
Flashcard 209: What is the effect of advanced heart failure on pulse pressure?_____
Answer: Decreased pulse pressure
Flashcard 210: What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in prerenal azotemia? _____
Answer: < 20 mEq/L
Flashcard 211: What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in acute tubular necrosis? _____
Answer: > 2% (elevated)
Flashcard 212: Laryngeal carcinoma often presents with _____; other signs include cough and stridor
Answer: hoarseness
Flashcard 213: Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) presents with _____ fremitus
Answer: increased
Flashcard 214: What dermatologic lesion is a flaking off of stratum corneum?_____
Answer: Scale
Flashcard 215: Do loop diuretics prolong life in heart failure? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 216: Heart failure may present with dependent _____ edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure
Answer: pitting
Flashcard 217: Chronic complications of emphysema include _____ (due to destruction of capillaries in the alveolar sac) with eventual cor pulmonale
Answer: hypoxemia
Flashcard 218: A B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood test is used for diagnosing _____
Answer: heart failure
Flashcard 219: During the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis, BUN and serum creatinine levels _____
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 220: A mainstay of treatment for left heart failure is _____, which help counteract fluid retention and prevent heart remodeling
Answer: ACE inhibitors
Flashcard 221: One possible cause of SIADH is _____ lung carcinoma, which provides a source of ectopic ADH
Answer: small cell
Flashcard 222: What is the effect of chronic renal failure on serum phosphate levels?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 223: One possible treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy is heart _____
Answer: transplant
Flashcard 224: Acute tubular necrosis due to ischemic injury is often preceded by _____
Answer: prerenal azotemia
Flashcard 225: Pneumocystis pneumonia is a(n) _____ pneumonia
Answer: interstitial (atypical)
Flashcard 226: Does the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis present with oliguria or polyuria? _____
Answer: Oliguria
Flashcard 227: Which virus can cause respiratory insufficiency and decreased DTRs?_____
Answer: Poliovirus
Flashcard 228: How do levels of serum BUN change with kidney dysfunction? _____
Answer: Increased BUN
Flashcard 229: What is the most common cause of right heart failure?_____
Answer: Left heart failure
Flashcard 230: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes _____ dysfunction (systolic or diastolic)
Answer: diastolic
Flashcard 231: Mannitol-induced expanded ECF volume can exacerbate heart _____
Answer: failure
Flashcard 232: Which renal tubular acidosis may be caused by aldosterone resistance? _____
Answer: Hyperkalemic (type 4) RTA
Flashcard 233: Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause deposition of _____ crystals in the skin
Answer: urea
Flashcard 234: Diuretics _____ diuretics are the 1st line treatment for the symptomatic treatment of acute decompensated heart failure with fluid overload
Answer: Loop
Flashcard 235: _____ is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute onset respiratory failure with bilateral lung opacities and no evidence of HF/fluid overload
Answer: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Flashcard 236: Nitroglycerine may be used as an acute treatment for pulmonary _____
Answer: edema
Flashcard 237: One potential complication of excess thyroid hormone is high output _____
Answer: heart failure
Flashcard 238: Pleural effusion presents with _____ to percussion
Answer: dullness
Flashcard 239: Emphysema may present with weight _____
Answer: loss
Flashcard 240: What pathologic heart sound may be heard with dilated cardiomyopathy? _____
Answer: S3
Flashcard 241: In addition to drugs and infection, neutropenia also occurs with _____ anemia, SLE, and radiation
Answer: aplastic
Flashcard 242: What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in acute tubular necrosis? _____
Answer: > 40 mEq/L
Keywords: Heart failure flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Classification of heart failure (HFrEF vs HFpEF)
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Heart failure pathophysiology
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Acute decompensated heart failure
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Chronic heart failure management
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Guideline-directed medical therapy
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Device therapy for heart failure
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Cardiomyopathies
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Valvular heart disease and heart failure
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Right heart failure
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Pulmonary hypertension
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Cardio-renal syndrome
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Advanced heart failure and transplantation
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Quality measures in heart failure
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