Gastroenterology — Flashcards

Gastroenterology US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Gastroenterology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Gastroenterology Flashcard Deck - 1479 Cards

Flashcard 1: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Answer:

Extra: nodular enlargement of the periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes of the prostate, compressing the urethraurinary frequency, nocturia, difficulty starting/stopping flos, dysuriaincreased: free prostate-specific antigen (PSA)α1-antagonists (terazosin, tamsulosin); finasteridemen >50 y/ohyperplasia, NOT hypertrophyif untreated may lead to distention and hypertrophy of bladder, hydronephrosis, UTIs

Flashcard 2: vertigo

Answer: sensation of spinning while stationary; subtype of "dizziness" but distinct from "lightheadedness"

Flashcard 3: hypertriglyceridemia (hyperlipidemia type IV)

Answer:

Extra: defect in production of VLDLpancreatitiselevated VLDL and TGAD

Flashcard 4: _____ is a group of disorders of the renal tubules that lead to normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis

Answer: Renal tubular acidosis

Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 5: Which cause(s) of painful genital ulceration present with painful inguinal lymph nodes? _____

Answer: Chancroid (H. ducreyi)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 6: _____ is a cancer caused by HPV in HIV patients that often presents at the anus (in MSMs) or the cervix

Answer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Extra: Watch Human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Anorectal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-cytomegalovirus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 7: Vitamin B12 deficiency may result in _____ paresis due to damage to the lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord

Answer: spastic

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 8: Which parasitic infection can present with cysts in the brain? _____

Answer: Neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 9: The Whipple's triad help confirm symptomatic hypoglycemia - low blood ___ - _ of hypoglycemia - resolution of symptoms after normalization of ___ levels

Answer: glucose

Flashcard 10: The tears in Mallory-Weiss syndrome are caused by a rapid increase in _____ pressure (ex. retching, vomiting)

Answer: intraabdominal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 11: _____ is the precipitation of a urinary solute as a stone

Answer: Nephrolithiasis

Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 12: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is characterized by late tender _____

Answer: inguinal lymphadenopathy

Extra: Watch Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae & Chlamydophila psittaci [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-chlamydia-trachomatis-chlamydophila-pneumoniae-and-chlamydophila-psittaci?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 13: Esophagitis with linear ulcerations is characteristic of what viral infection? _____

Answer: CMV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 14: Which thyroid imbalance presents with hyperdefecation / diarrhea? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 15: Patients with Lambert-Eaton Syndrome present with _____ symptoms (dry mouth, constipation, impotence)

Answer: autonomic

Extra: Watch Myasthenia Gravis & Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-muscle-myasthenia-gravis-and-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neuromuscular-junction-nmj?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 16: Angio-_____ is an acquired malformation resulting in tortuous dilation of vessels of the GI tract

Answer: dysplasia

Extra: Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 17: Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency complication associated with _____ in a(n) C3/C4 dermatome distribution

Answer: dermatitis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 18: Without active vWF, _____ will rupture much more easily, resulting in GI bleeding and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Answer: intestinal angiodysplasias

Extra: - angiodysplasias are essentially AVMs, and thus have VERY high blood flow (bypass resistance circuits) - thus without vWF to help clot damaged angiodysplasias, the already weak angiodysplasias will bleed much more easily Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 19: Which type of lymphoma is associated with extranodal involvement? _____

Answer: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Extra: * e.g. spleen, tonsils, GI tract, respiratory tract and non-lymphoid tissues; unlike Hodgkin lymphoma Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 20: Which immunodeficiency is associated with an infiltrative lymphohistiocytosis? _____

Answer: Chédiak-Higashi

Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 21: Acromegaly may cause growth of visceral _____, leading to dysfunction

Answer: organs

Flashcard 22: CVID is associated with low immunoglobulin levels due to decreased _____ cells

Answer: plasma

Extra: Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 23: Gallbladder carcinoma classically presents as new-onset cholecystitis in an elderly _____

Answer: woman

Extra: * common in elderly (old man at table: note it is more common in women, though) Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 24: Primary hypoparathyroidism presents with _____calcemia

Answer: hypo

Extra: * due to decreased calcium absorption in the intestines and kidneys Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 25: Weight _____ is commonly seen in Giardia infections

Answer: loss

Extra: Watch Giardia lamblia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-giardia-lamblia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 26: _____ polycystic kidney disease may present with diverticulosis of the colon and sigmoid colon

Answer: Autosomal dominant

Extra: Watch Congenital & Cystic Kidney Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-congenital-and-cystic-kidney-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/cystic-kidney-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 27: Chronic autoimmune gastritis is associated with increased risk for _____ anemia

Answer: pernicious

Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 28: Central diabetes insipidus is characterized by _____ levels of ADH

Answer: low

Extra: * due to decreased ADH production by the CNS (hypothalamus) -> diabetes insipidus (inappropriately dilute urine, polyuria, hypernatremia) Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 29: Because of splenomegaly, patients with mononucleosis (EBV) are advised to avoid contact sports (e.g. football) for danger of splenic _____

Answer: rupture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 30: Is cholecystitis typically calculous or acalculous? _____

Answer: Calculous

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 31: Cystic fibrosis may present with _____natremia

Answer: hypo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 32: Patients with acromegaly have an increased risk of _____ formation and cancer

Answer: colorectal polyp

Flashcard 33: Oral _____ is a white deposit on the tongue that cannot be easily scraped away

Answer: leukoplakia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki

Flashcard 34: Which type of gastric carcinoma (intestinal or diffuse) is associated with H. pylori infection? _____

Answer: Intestinal

Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/misc-gastric/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 35: Chronic diabetics are prone to recurrent _____ due to poor wound healing, urinary retention, neutrophil dysfunction, and hyperglycemia

Answer: infection

Flashcard 36: What is the most common cause of hematochezia in adults? _____

Answer: Diverticulosis

Flashcard 37: A patient receiving bevacizumab that develops abdominal pain may have a(n) _____

Answer: GI perforation

Extra: Watch Rituximab, cetuximab, bevacizumab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-kinase-inhibitors-and-monoclonal-antibodies-rituximab-cetuximab-bevacizumab-alemtuzumab-trastuzumab?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 38: What GI pathology is associated with calcium oxalate kidney stones? _____

Answer: Crohn's disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 39: What is the most commonly reported bacterial STI in the United States? _____

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis Types D-K

Flashcard 40: Trousseau Syndrome is a(n) migratory superficial _____

Answer: thrombophlebitis

Extra: - In this syndrome, procoagulant factors (ex. mucin) secreted by the tumors (ex. pancreatic adenocarcinoma) cause clotting in the superficial veins https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 41: Sjögren's syndrome may present with recurrent _____

Answer: dental caries

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 42: Disorders that cause hypercalcemia (e.g. hyperparathyroidism, idiopathic hypercalciuria) may cause type _____ RTA

Answer: 1

Flashcard 43: Lead poisoning in adults often presents with _____ pigmentation at the gum-tooth line

Answer: bluish

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 44: On DRE, prostate cancer presents with _____ enlargement, nodule formation and areas of induration

Answer: asymmetric

Extra: * Important distinguishing feature from BPH (symmetrical enlargement); DRE= digital rectal examination Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 45: Small bowel obstruction may present with _____ abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, and *constipation

Answer: colicky

Extra: * Adhesions MCC of SBO, less commonly due to tumors Watch Small Bowel Obstruction, Ileus & Hernias [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-small-bowel-obstruction-ileus-and-hernias?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Liver Tumors & Hepatocellular Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-liver-tumors-and-hepatocellular-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 46: Azithromycin prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium complex should be started with CD4+ counts _____

Answer: < 50

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 47: Which cutaneous manifestation is seen in primary syphilis? _____

Answer: Genital chancre (painless)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 48: Dormant HSV-1 virus may be reactivated by _____ and sunlight, leading to an episode of oral herpes

Answer: stress

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 49: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may present with chronic cough and adult-onset _____

Answer: asthma

Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 50: The Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a serum tumor marker that has minor associations with _, _, and medullary thyroid carcinomas

Answer: gastric

Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 51: Bladder outlet obstruction is associated with _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/urinary-incontinence?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/urinary-incontinence/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 52: In immuno-_____ individuals, Cryptosporidium infection causes a self-limiting watery diarrhea

Answer: competent

Extra: Watch Cryptosporidium spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-cryptosporidium-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 53: Small bowel obstruction initially presents with _____ bowel sounds due to abdominal peristalsis

Answer: hyperactive (high pitched "tinkling")

Extra: Watch Small Bowel Obstruction, Ileus & Hernias [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-small-bowel-obstruction-ileus-and-hernias?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 54: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a risk factor for what small bowel complications? 1. _ 2. _

Answer: Small bowel adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 55: What bladder/bowel deficits does ALS present with? _____

Answer: None :)

Extra: Watch Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) & Friedreich Ataxia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-spinal-muscular-atrophy-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-and-friedreich-ataxia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/spinal-cord-lesions/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 56: UTI most commonly arises due to _____ infection

Answer: ascending

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/urinary-incontinence?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 57: Multiple endocrine neoplasia presents with multiple, _____ tumors

Answer: sometimes bilateral

Extra: Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-men?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 58: Acanthosis nigricans is typically associated with _____ resistance or visceral malignancy (esp. gastric carcinoma)

Answer: insulin

Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: - e.g. PCOS, diabetes - this rash is consistent with acanthosis nigricans

Flashcard 59: Because PSA can be also elevated in _____ and prostatitis besides Prostate Cancer, there is a questional risk/benefit for screening

Answer: BPH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 60: _____ symbolizes a robust immune response, therefore this symptom of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis typically occurs in otherwise healthy patients

Answer: Erythema Nodosum

Extra: Watch Coccidioides immitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-systemic-mycoses-coccidioides-immitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 61: Lactase deficiency may present with _____ due to the osmotic effects of undigested lactose

Answer: diarrhea

Extra: Watch Lactase Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-lactase-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 62: _____ is an intestinal hypomotility without obstruction that results in constipation and decreased flatus

Answer: Ileus

Flashcard 63: One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is _____ overgrowth

Answer: (SIBO) small intestinal bacterial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 64: _____ is associated with small bowel necrosis and abdominal pain out of proportion to physical findings

Answer: Acute mesenteric ischemia

Flashcard 65: Proximal renal tubular acidosis is also known as type _____ RTA

Answer: 2

Flashcard 66: Gallbladder hypomotility is associated with what kind of gallstone? _____

Answer: Cholesterol gallstones

Flashcard 67: Somatostatinoma may present with _____ and steatorrhea due to inhibition of secretin and CCK

Answer: gallstones

Extra: * Somatostatin decreases gallbladder motility ->increased reabsorption of water from bile -> cholesterol gallstones Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 68: What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.? _____

Answer: Folate (vitamin B9)

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 69: Does HUS in adults typically present with diarrhea? _____

Answer: No (E. coli infection not required in adults)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 70: Which type of sprue (celiac or tropical) can affect any part of the small bowel? _____

Answer: Tropical sprue

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 71: Gout may occur secondary to leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders due to increased cell _____

Answer: turnover

Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 72: Myelodysplastic syndromes rarely may progress to _____ leukemia

Answer: acute myeloid

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 73: Pseudomonas causes pneumonia and respiratory failure in _____ patients

Answer: cystic fibrosis

Extra: Watch Pseudomonas aeruginosa [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-pseudomonas-aeruginosa?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 74: One cause of folate deficiency is poor diet, which is often seen in _____ and the elderly

Answer: alcoholics

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other: MMA levels in B12 deficiency are high

Flashcard 75: Treatment for Cutaneous Warts? _____

Answer: Salicylic acid/Liquid Nitrogen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 76: Bladder cancer, uterine cancer and retroperitoneal fibrosis may present with _____ hydronephrosis

Answer: bilateral

Extra: Watch Hydronephrosis & Urinary Tract Obstruction [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-hydronephrosis-and-urinary-tract-obstruction?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 77: Which three organs are involved in MEN1? _____

Answer: Pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroids

Extra: Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-men?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 78: Type _____ diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin deficiency

Answer: 1

Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 79: Riedel thyroiditis is considered a manifestation of _____-related systemic disease, which includes autoimmune pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and noninfectious aortitis

Answer: IgG4

Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 80: Acquired GnRH deficiency (secondary amenorrhea) may be due to severe stress, _, and _

Answer: excessive exercise

Extra: Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 81: _____ cell immunodeficiencies generally predispose to GI giardiasis

Answer: B

Flashcard 82: What may cause increased levels of both insulin and C-peptide? _____

Answer: Insulinoma, sulfonylurea drugs

Flashcard 83: What is the mechanism of urge and overflow incontinence in multiple sclerosis? _____

Answer: UMN demyelination → Spastic/Hypertonic bladder (urge incontinence); LMN demyelination → overflow incontinence

Extra: * majority remain uninjured Watch Multiple Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-multiple-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 84: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is characterized by acid hypersecretion, causing recurrent _____ in the duodenum and jejunum

Answer: ulcers

Extra: Watch Pancreatic Cancer & Islet Cell Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-pancreatic-cancer-and-islet-cell-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 85: What demographic is associated with Sjögren's syndrome? _____

Answer: Older woman (40-60 years old)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 86: Increased ICP may cause a(n) _____ ulcer due to massive vagal output, which causes increased gastric acid production

Answer: cushing

Flashcard 87: Benign prostatic hyperplasia may present with microscopic _____

Answer: hematuria

Extra: Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=45] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 88: Which paramyxovirus can result in orchitis (unilaterally)? _____

Answer: Mumps

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 89: Angiodysplasia usually arises in the cecum and _____ colon due to high wall tension

Answer: right

Flashcard 90: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is diagnosed with a positive _____ test

Answer: secretin stimulation

Flashcard 91: In addition to increased ulcer healing, bismuth and sucralfate may be used to treat _____ diarrhea

Answer: travelers

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: GI (Antacids) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 92: Gastric carcinoma may spread and involve the _____ region, also known as a(n) Sister Mary Joseph nodule

Answer: periumbilical

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 93: Does cystitis typically present with systemic signs (e.g. fever)? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 94: _____ lymphoma may present with "B" symptoms (e.g. weight loss, fever, night sweats)

Answer: Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 95: What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in long-standing postrenal azotemia? _____

Answer: < 350 mOsm/kg (low)

Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:

Flashcard 96: Acute prostatitis often presents with _____ and fever/chills

Answer: dysuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 97: Peptic ulcer disease is a solitary mucosal ulcer involving the _____ (90%) or distal stomach (10%)

Answer: proximal duodenum

Flashcard 98: What is the initial presentation of Kaposi sarcoma? _____

Answer: Cutaneous disease

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 99: Large bowel obstruction presents with abdominal pain/distension, _ to percussion, and _ bowel sounds

Answer: hyperresonance

Extra: * due to gas-filled bowel Watch Large Bowel & Appendiceal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-large-bowel-and-appendiceal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 100: Dermatomyositis can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: adenocarcinomas

Extra: Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 101: What is the first line treatment for a patient with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome? _____

Answer: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Gastroesophageal Refund) Watch H2 receptor blockers, PPIs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-h2-receptor-blockers-ppis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 102: _____ is caused by reflux of acid from the stomach due to transiently decreased LES tone

Answer: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Flashcard 103: What hepatobiliary complication is associated with hereditary spherocytosis? _____

Answer: Pigmented gallstones + acute cholecystitis

Flashcard 104: Zinc deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that is associated with _____ adult hair (axillary, facial, pubic)

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 105: When is prophylaxis for Toxoplasmosis initiated (CD4+)? _____

Answer: ≤ 100 cells/mm3

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 106: Abdominal pain in henoch-schonlein purpura is associated with _____

Answer: intussusception

Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 107: When the β cell is stimulated, exocytosis of insulin and C peptide are released in _____ quantities

Answer: equimolar

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 108: Achlorhydria can result in abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, malabsorption, _____ anemia and infections by vibrio species

Answer: iron deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 109: Which cause(s) of painless genital ulceration present with painful inguinal lymph nodes (buboes)? _____

Answer: Chlamydia L1-L3 (LGV)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 110: How is Pasteurella multocida most commonly transmitted? _____

Answer: Dog or Cat bites

Extra: Watch Pasteurella multocida [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-pasteurella-multocida?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 111: In addition to Ceftriaxone for Gonorrhea, what other possible co-infection should you treat? _____

Answer: Chlamydia

Extra: Watch Neisseria gonorrhoeae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-gonorrhoeae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 112: Osteoporosis is characterized by _____ serum Ca2+

Answer: normal

Extra: Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 113: Plummer-Vinson syndrome is iron deficiency anemia with _____ and atrophic glossitis

Answer: esophageal webs

Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Esophageal web Endoscopy of the esophagus A thin, semilunar membrane (esophageal web) projects into the esophageal lumen. In contrast to esophageal rings, webs usually occur in the upper esophagus and do not involve the muscle layer. Along with iron deficiency anemia and dysphagia, cervical esophageal webs are part of the classic triad of findings in Plummer-Vinson syndrome. Other:

Flashcard 114: Weak pelvic floor muscles, chronic constipation, cystic fibrosis, and whooping cough are common causes of _____

Answer: rectal prolapse

Extra: Watch Anorectal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-anorectal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 115: Which hormone-secreting pancreatic tumor is associated with necrolytic migratory erythema? _____

Answer: Glucagonoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 116: Secondary lactase deficiency occurs due to loss of the intestinal _____

Answer: brush border

Flashcard 117: Achalasia is characterized by disordered esophageal motility due to inability to relax the _____ esophageal sphincter

Answer: lower

Flashcard 118: One cause of _____ anemia is lack of intrinsic factor, which leads to vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer: pernicious

Extra: * intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the intestine Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki - Due to lack of intrinsic factor/B12 absorption (terminal ileum) - Presents as macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia - autoimmune destruction of parietal cells (chronic autoimmune gastritis) leads to intrinsic factor deficiency - other causes include gastrectomy (no IF), veganism, alcoholism, Crohn's disease (terminal ileum), ileal resection, blind loop syndrome, Diphyllobothrium latum

Flashcard 119: What is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency? _____

Answer: Pernicious anemia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other: - other causes include gastrectomy (no IF), veganism, alcoholism, Crohn's disease (terminal ileum), ileal resection, blind loop syndrome, Diphyllobothrium latum

Flashcard 120: _____ may present with lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly due to infiltration by monoclonal B cells

Answer: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 121: Right-sided colorectal carcinoma presents with vague pain, weight loss, and _____ anemia

Answer: iron deficiency

Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 122: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may present with _____ pain, due to peptic ulcer disease and distal ulcers

Answer: abdominal

Flashcard 123: What foods can cause S. aureus gastroenteritis? _____

Answer: Meats, cream-based foods

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 124: Infectious esophagitis is typically seen in _____ patients

Answer: immunocompromised

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 125: What GI symptoms are associated with uremia (renal failure)? _____

Answer: Nausea, anorexia

Extra: Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal-failure?ref=anki

Flashcard 126: HHV-8 has a higher incidence in _ or _ males, as well as African populations

Answer: Russian

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 127: Dermato-myositis is associated with increased risk for occult _____

Answer: malignancy

Flashcard 128: Impaired division and enlargement of RBC precursors leads to _____, macrocytic anemia

Answer: megaloblastic

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 129: Lesions of Kaposi sarcoma may be seen on endoscopic examination of the _____

Answer: GI tract

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 130: What demographic is most commonly affected by Whipple disease? _____

Answer: Older men

Flashcard 131: Patients with short bowel syndrome often develop an increased frequency of _____ kidney stones

Answer: calcium oxalate

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 132: Methotrexate is first-line in treating _____

Answer: rheumatoid arthritis

Extra: Watch Methotrexate, leucovorin, 5 fluorouracil, hydroxyurea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-methotrexate-leucovorin-5-fluorouracil-hydroxyurea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 133: What is the most common primary immunodeficiency? _____

Answer: Selective IgA deficiency

Extra: * B cells fail to differentiate into IgA secreting plasma cells Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 134: Diabetes mellitus may result in _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/urinary-incontinence?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 135: C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency results in _____

Answer: hereditary angioedema

Extra: Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-complement-system-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/allergies/acquire?ref=anki characterized by rapid-onset edema of the face, genitals, limbs, larynx, and intestines without urticaria (helps distinguish hereditary angioedema from type 1 hypersensitivity reactions); treatment options include with fresh frozen plasma (contains C1 inhibitor), icatibant (bradykinin antagonist), and/or ecallantide (kallikrein inhibitor)

Flashcard 136: Type 1 diabetes is associated with HLA-_ and HLA-_

Answer: DR3

Flashcard 137: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by a(n) _____ of the pancreas (non-β cells) or duodenum

Answer: gastrinoma

Flashcard 138: Parkinson disease is characterized by _____ serotonin

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 139: Sialolithiasis is typically caused by _____ or trauma

Answer: dehydration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 140: Tinea corporis affects the _____

Answer: body

Extra: Watch Epidermophyton spp., Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp. (dermatophytes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-cutaneous-mycoses-epidermophyton-spp-trichophyton-spp-microsporum-spp-dermatophytes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 141: Adenovirus vaccine is commonly reserved for _____

Answer: military recruits

Extra: Watch Adenovirus (Adenoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-adenovirus-adenoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 142: What parasitic infection is more common in patients with decreased B-cells? _____

Answer: GI giardiasis (no IgA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 143: Behçet syndrome can be precipitated by _____ or parvovirus

Answer: HSV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 144: Patients with _____ have clonal mast cell proliferation in the bone marrow, skin, and other organs

Answer: systemic mastocytosis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 145: Stage _____ HIV is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections. CD4+ count drops to < 350

Answer: 3

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 146: Dermatitis herpetiformis may be treated with _____ and a gluten-free diet

Answer: dapsone

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: dapsone (acute relief) and a gluten-free diet (long-term relief dap on some dapsone for derm (it's actually oral dapsone though)

Flashcard 147: _____ is the medical term for nose bleed

Answer: Epistaxis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 148: What is the most common cause of esophageal perforation (e.g. Boerhaave syndrome)? _____

Answer: Iatrogenic (especially endoscopy)

Flashcard 149: What type of acidosis will a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis experience? _____

Answer: high anion gap metabolic acidosis

Extra: * due to accumulation of ketones (organic acids) Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki also usually have urine and serum ketones

Flashcard 150: What is the treatment for celiac disease? _____

Answer: Gluten-free diet

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 151: What pathology presents as vague epigastric pain (dyspepsia) along with nausea/vomiting, and anorexia? _____

Answer: Acute gastritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 152: The late stage of Trypanosoma brucei infection (sleeping sickness) includes _ involvement and _

Answer: CNS

Extra: Watch Trypanosoma brucei [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-cns-trypanosoma-brucei?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 153: Stage _____ HIV is characterized by wide dissemination to lymphoid organs

Answer: 1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 154: Which hematologic complication arises from Wuchereria bancrofti infection? _____

Answer: Eosinophilia

Extra: Watch Dracunculus medinensis, Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus, Toxocara canis, Loa loa (tissue nematodes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-nematodes-dracunculus-medinensis-wuchereria-bancrofti-onchocerca-volvulus-toxocara-canis-loa-loa-tissue-nematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 155: Stage _____ HIV is characterized by clinical latency. CD4+ count drops to < 500

Answer: 2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 156: Is the CEA tumor marker useful for monitoring recurrence of colorectal carcinoma? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: * "CEA" pipe= carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) can be used to monitor progression or recurrence of colon cancer (too specific for cancer diagnosis) Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 157: Endometriosis spread to the bladder wall presents with _____

Answer: dysuria

Extra: * just imagine abdomen hit with dirt representing dysuria, as well since endometriosis can spread nearly anywhere Watch Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) & Endometriosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-aub-and-endometriosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 158: What changes in stool are seen with Yellow fever? _____

Answer: Bloody diarrhea

Extra: Watch Flaviviridae overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-flaviviridae-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 159: _____ is an anemia associated with cancer and chronic inflammation

Answer: Anemia of chronic disease

Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-ii-chronic-decompensation?ref=anki

Flashcard 160: Henoch-Schonlein purpura often occurs following a(n) _____ infection, which leads to generation of IgA

Answer: upper respiratory tract

Flashcard 161: Acute gastritis is especially common among _____ and patients taking daily NSAIDs (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis patients)

Answer: alcoholics

Extra: * NSAIDs inhibit COX-1 -> decreased TXA2 & PGE2/PGI2 -> decreased platelet aggregation, increased gastric acidity, impaired mucosal defense - Ulcers Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki Robbins:

Flashcard 162: Proximal renal tubular acidosis may be caused by _____ inhibitors, aminoglycosides, and lead

Answer: carbonic anhydrase

Flashcard 163: Temporary lactase deficiency may be seen after small bowel _____

Answer: infection (e.g. viral enteritis)

Flashcard 164: Cardiogenic shock, septic shock, and hypovolemia may cause _____ due to to poor perfusion of the colon

Answer: acute colonic ischemia (Ischemic colitis)

Flashcard 165: Chronic diarrhea (metabolic acidosis) may precipitate _____ kidney stones due to increased H+ excretion

Answer: uric acid

Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 166: What country consumes a large amount of smoked meats in their diet, resulting high rates of intestinal gastric cancer? _____

Answer: Japan

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 167: What is the likely diagnosis in a 40-pack year smoker with symptomatic hypercalcemia (>14 mg/dL) with polyuria, constipation, nausea and low PTH? _____

Answer: Malignancy (Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy)

Extra: Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 168: What non-specific antibodies may be associated with Sjögren's syndrome? _____

Answer: Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and rheumatoid factor

Extra: * serum ANA has a sensitivity of 80% and RF is positive in 90% of cases https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 169: Bilateral urinary tract obstruction may present with _____ serum BUN and creatinine levels

Answer: increased

Flashcard 170: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) eventually heals with fibrosis; perianal involvement may result in rectal _____

Answer: strictures

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 171: Kidney stones may be treated and prevented by encouraging _____ intake

Answer: fluid

Flashcard 172: A(n) negative monospot test with symptoms of infectious mononucleosis suggests _____ infection

Answer: CMV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 173: Diffuse esophageal spasm is associated with _____

Answer: GERD

Flashcard 174: Biliary colic is a waxing and waning _____ quadrant pain associated with gallstones; may also have nausea and vomiting

Answer: right upper

Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 175: Atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, and acute thrombosis (e.g. PAD, low cardiac output) may cause sudden-onset _____

Answer: acute mesenteric ischemia

Flashcard 176: Behçet syndrome can be seen after _____ infection, but the etiology is unknown

Answer: viral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 177: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a systemic overactivation of _ and _ that leads to fever, pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly

Answer: macrophages

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 178: Which type of gallstone is associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN)? _____

Answer: Cholesterol stones

Flashcard 179: Complications of diverticulitis include _____, perforation, and obstruction (inflammatory stenosis)

Answer: abscess

Extra: Watch Large Bowel & Appendiceal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-large-bowel-and-appendiceal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki Pnuemoperitoneum CT abdomen (IV contrast; axial section) Extraluminal air (1) is visible within the peritoneal cavity, indicating a pneumoperitoneum. A diverticulum can be seen arising from the sigmoid colon (2), which is likely the site of the perforation, as indicated by the mesenteric fat stranding and edema around the sigmoid colon. 3: iliac muscle; 4: internal iliac artery; 5: rectum with feces Suspected abscess with gas inclusions in the left lower abdomen Abdominal CT scan, transverse section across the ilium (green shading) and the sacrum (S), above the hip joint: extensive lesion (green area) with circular, hypodense inclusions (arrows). Suspected diagnosis: abscess following a perforated sigmoid diverticulitis without communication with the peritoneum. Abscess due to perforated diverticulitis Axial abdominal CT scan with oral contrast medium: receding abscess in proximity to the left iliopsoas muscle, which was originally caused by perforated diverticulitis (not shown). The placed percutaneous drainage enables resolution of the abscess (1- drainage; 2- receding abscess; 3- diverticulum). Fistula following a ruptured diverticulum Contrast enema of the colon The contrast medium is located in the rectal ampulla, the sigmoid colon, and the descending colon. Multiple diverticula (solid green overlay) are visible. A fistula resulting from a perforated diverticulum (hatched green overlay) can be seen in the sigmoid colon. S: sigmoid colon; R: rectum; P: pelvis

Flashcard 180: What is the treatment for a glucagonoma? _____

Answer: Octreotide (somatostatin analog) or surgery

Flashcard 181: Which cause of genital ulceration presents with painless red genital ulcer that bleeds on contact? _____

Answer: Granuloma inguinale/donovanosis (Klebsiella granulomatis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 182: Does carcinoid syndrome occur with carcinoid tumors that are limited to the GI tract? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Refer to endocrine section: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 183: What infectious cause of esophagitis presents as punched-out ulcers? _____

Answer: HSV-1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 184: Which immunodeficiency is associated with an absent in vitro T-cell proliferation in response to Candida antigens due to T-cell dysfunction? _____

Answer: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 185: Whipple disease may present with fat malabsorption and steatorrhea due to compression of _____ by macrophages

Answer: lacteals

Flashcard 186: Gastric adenocarcinoma rarely may present with the _____ sign, which is sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses

Answer: Leser-Trélat

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/misc-gastric/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 187: One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is _____ (e.g. sprue, enteritis)

Answer: malabsorption

Extra: Watch Vitamin B [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-b12-cobalamin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 188: What HLA subtype is associated with pernicious anemia? _____

Answer: DR5

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 189: What anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies are associated with Sjögren's syndrome? _____

Answer: Anti-SSA (Ro) and SSB (La) antibodies

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 190: What is the most common cause of urinary tract obstruction in adults and can cause unilateral hydronephrosis? _____

Answer: Urolithiasis

Flashcard 191: Patients with a first-degree relative with colon cancer should be screened via colonoscopy starting at age _____ or starting 10 years prior to their relative's presentation

Answer: 40

Flashcard 192: A skin injection of what can be used to confirm isolated B cell defects such as X-linked Agammaglobulinemia? _____

Answer: Candida antigens

Extra: Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/immunodeficiency-syndromes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 193: What demographic is commonly associated with diverticulosis? _____

Answer: Older adults (risk increases with age)

Extra: * Old man signifying age group of diverticulosis Watch Large Bowel & Appendiceal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-large-bowel-and-appendiceal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 194: Which Herpesvirus infection can result in Cauda equina syndrome in HIV/AIDS patients? _____

Answer: CMV

Extra: Watch Cytomegalovirus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-cytomegalovirus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 195: _____ is the distention or dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces

Answer: Hydronephrosis

Flashcard 196: Gastrinomas may cause _____ disease due to elevated gastrin levels

Answer: peptic ulcer

Extra: * due to elevated gastrin levels Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-men?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 197: Conditions that cause _____ include infection, medication, vestibular dysfunction, and chemoradiation

Answer: vomiting

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Anti-Emetics; "Vomitorium") Watch Antiemetic agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-antiemetic-agents?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 198: What demographic is classically affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)? _____

Answer: Middle-aged men (classically with IBD)

Extra: * 90% have underlying IBD (mainly ulcerative colitis) Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 199: Rabies virus can present with _____ muscle spasms, causing dysphagia

Answer: pharyngeal

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 200: Exogenous ADH is useful in the management of _____ bleeding by reducing portal hypertension (via action on V1 receptors)

Answer: esophageal variceal

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch ADH, DDAVP, ADH receptor antagonists [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-adh-ddavp-adh-receptor-antagonists?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 201: Which protozoal complication can present with megacolon and megaesophagus? _____

Answer: Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 202: Anal carcinoma presents with proctitis with _____ and bloody discharge

Answer: tenesmus

Extra: * Proctitis= inflammation of the tissue lining the inner rectum Watch Anorectal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-anorectal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 203: _____ syndrome is rheumatoid arthritis with neutropenia and splenomegaly

Answer: Felty

Extra: Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 204: Which type of sprue (celiac or tropical) primarily affects the proximal small bowel? _____

Answer: Celiac sprue

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 205: Which zoonotic bacterial infection must be reported to the CDC? _____

Answer: Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)

Extra: Watch Francisella tularensis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-francisella-tularensis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 206: Diffuse esophageal spasm is characterized by _____ LES pressure on esophageal manometry

Answer: normal

Flashcard 207: What GI disorder is most commonly idiopathic, but may also be caused by diabetes (T1DM> T2DM), medications (TCAs, CCBs), and surgery? _____

Answer: Gastroparesis

Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/misc-gastric/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 208: The dominant presenting sign of urethritis is _____

Answer: dysuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 209: Toxoplasmosis and Pneumocystitis jirovecii are treated prophylactically in HIV patients with _____

Answer: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 210: What is the most common ulcer complication (both gastric and duodenal)? _____

Answer: Hemorrhage

Flashcard 211: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by _____ serum iron

Answer: decreased

Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 212: Celiac disease is classically seen in people of _____ descent

Answer: northern European

Flashcard 213: Gastric ulcers present with epigastric pain that _____ with meals

Answer: worsens

Extra: * due to increased gastrin-mediated acid secretion Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 214: Common infectious causes of acute prostatitis in older adults include _ and _

Answer: E. coli

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 215: When does common variable immunodeficiency typically present? _____

Answer: After age 2

Flashcard 216: Ischemic colitis presents with _____-prandial abdominal pain followed by hematochezia

Answer: post

Extra: *bloody stool due to necrosis and hemorrhage, watershed areas on left side Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 217: Polyuria is associated with _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Flashcard 218: Clostridium perfringens can result in a crepitus and _____ upon palpation of the infected area of skin

Answer: crackling

Extra: Watch Clostridium perfringens [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-clostridium-perfringens?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 219: What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism? _____

Answer: Parathyroid adenoma (>80%)

Extra: * extends via local invasion or metastasis Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 220: Neurocysticercosis due to Taenia solium eggs can present with _____ and hydrocephalus

Answer: seizures

Flashcard 221: Vitamin B12 deficiency presents with _____ and subacute combined degeneration (neurologic symptoms)

Answer: paresthesias

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 222: What gastrointestinal symptoms may be associated with acute pyelonephritis? _____

Answer: Nausea, vomiting

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 223: One use of the Hemoccult test (of the stool) and Colonoscopy as screening tools is to detect colonic adenoma before it becomes _____

Answer: colonic adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 224: Secondary biliary cholangitis occurs in patients with known _____ lesions (e.g. gallstones, biliary strictures, pancreatic carcinoma)

Answer: obstructive

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 225: A diet high in _____ can cause calcium stones due to acidemia, which causes hypocitraturia

Answer: protein

Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 226: Megaloblastic anemia is a cause of _____ anemia

Answer: macrocytic

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 227: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by a(n) _____ of the pancreas or duodenum

Answer: gastrinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki can be used to evaluate for gastrinoma in patients with non-diagnostic serum gastrin levels (110-1000) a rise in gastrin levels following secretin administration indicates gastrinoma

Flashcard 228: Mucocutaneous lesions and lymphadenopathy should point you towards which fungal infection? _____

Answer: Paracoccidioidomycosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 229: The peak incidence of colorectal carcinoma is _ - _ years of age

Answer: 60

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 230: Prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency causes irreversible _____ damage

Answer: nerve

Flashcard 231: Which blood transfusion therapy is used to increase coagulation factor levels? _____

Answer: Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 232: Pontiac fever caused by Legionella pneumophila is characterized by fever and _____ (flu-like symptoms)

Answer: malaise

Extra: Watch Legionella pneumophila [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-legionella-pneumophila?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 233: What infectious cause of esophagitis presents as linear ulcers? _____

Answer: CMV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 234: Polycythemia vera may cause _____ due to abnormal mucosal blood flow in the gastrointestinal system

Answer: abdominal pain

Extra: Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 235: Risk factors for colorectal carcinoma include diets with processed _____ and low fiber

Answer: meat

Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 236: Hemorrhagic cystitis can present with fever and _____

Answer: gross hematuria

Extra: Watch JC polyomavirus, BK polyomavirus (Polyomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-jc-polyomavirus-bk-polyomavirus-polyomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/pathology-diagnostics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 237: Tropical sprue may be associated with _____ anemia

Answer: megaloblastic

Flashcard 238: _____ is a form of congenital hypothyroidism that presents with developmental delay, protruding umbilicus, pot belly, and protruding tongue

Answer: Cretinism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 239: What spinal cord level is most commonly affected by tabes dorsalis? _____

Answer: Lumbar levels

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 240: What virus can predispose individuals to oral hairy leukoplakia in the setting of immunosuppression (e.g. HIV)? _____

Answer: EBV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 241: Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by _____ RBCs

Answer: macrocytic

Flashcard 242: _____ is caused by obstruction of sinus drainage into the nasal cavity causing inflammation and pain over the affected area

Answer: Rhinosinusitis (Sinusitis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 243: Which blistering skin disorder presents as pruritic vesicles and bullae that are grouped? _____

Answer: Dermatitis herpetiformis

Flashcard 244: Esophagitis with _____ ulcerations is characteristic of HSV-1

Answer: "punched-out"

Flashcard 245: Colorectal carcinoma is the _____ most common cause of cancer-related death

Answer: third

Extra: * Crab beetle attacking Lilipolyp Village Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 246: What parasitic infection are patients with IgA deficiency susceptible to? _____

Answer: Giardia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 247: What is the prognosis for miliary tuberculosis? _____

Answer: Poor (100% fatality if not treated)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 248: Lesions of the anterior cerebellar vermis are usually the result of degeneration from alcohol abuse and present with _____ ataxia

Answer: gait

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 249: Signs and symptoms of a psoas abscess include fever, back / flank pain, inguinal mass, and difficulty _____

Answer: walking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 250: Secondary syphilis is a(n) _____ disease, no longer localized to the genital region

Answer: systemic

Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 251: Acute colonic ischemia may cause _____ bowel sounds

Answer: diminshed/absent

Extra: * due to ileus Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 252: _____ stones are a rare form of nephrolithiasis, most commonly seen in children

Answer: Cystine

Flashcard 253: In a patient with a Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency, B9 (Folate) supplementation will mask _ but not _ symptoms

Answer: hematological

Extra: * Avoid treating vitamin B12 deficiency with folate (corrects anemia, but can worsen neurological symptoms) Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 254: Candidemia has an increased prevalence in patients with _____

Answer: neutropenia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 255: One risk factor for pyelonephritis is urinary tract _____

Answer: obstruction

Flashcard 256: VIPoma is characterized by a triad of _____, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria

Answer: watery diarrhea

Extra: Watch Pancreatic Cancer & Islet Cell Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-pancreatic-cancer-and-islet-cell-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/chronic-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki Can present with flushing i.e. WDKA syndrome; typically involves the pancreatic tail (abdominal imaging like CT scan can localize the tumor); note flushing can occur in VIPoma and carcinoid, don't get confused

Flashcard 257: A GI infection causing bacteria that can cause a Leukemoid Reaction is _____

Answer: Clostridioides difficile

Extra: Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 258: Due to villous atrophy in Giardia lamblia, deficiencies in epithelial brush border enzymes such as _____ may develop

Answer: lactase

Flashcard 259: Most solitary thyroid nodules are _____, fluid-filled cysts

Answer: benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 260: _____ ulcers should be biopsied at the margins to rule out malignancy

Answer: Gastric

Flashcard 261: Vitamin D excess may present with stupor and _____ appetite

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 262: What is the treatment for Tetrodotoxin and Ciguatoxin poisoning? _____

Answer: Supportive care

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/conduction-physiology?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 263: Cholecystitis may present with elevated serum _____ if the bile duct is involved

Answer: alkaline phosphatase

Flashcard 264: There is an increased incidence of Ig_____ deficiency in patients with celiac disease

Answer: A

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 265: _____ are rings at the GE junction due to chronic acid reflux

Answer: Schatzki rings

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 266: _____ Disease is a visceral protozoal infection that presents with dilated cardiomyopathy, mega-colon and mega-esophagus

Answer: Chagas

Extra: Watch Trypanosoma cruzi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-trypanosoma-cruzi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 267: One clinical feature of Addison disease is _____

Answer: metabolic acidosis

Extra: * "HARDASS" Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 268: Which type of renal tubular acidosis may be caused by Fanconi syndrome? _____

Answer: Type 2 (proximal renal tubular acidosis)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 269: In the context of a metabolic acidosis; the delta-delta ratio to determine the presence of a secondary metabolic disorder = _____

Answer: (AG-12)/(24-[HCO3])

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 270: Which type of gastric carcinoma (diffuse or intestinal) is associated with a Sister Mary Joseph nodule? _____

Answer: Intestinal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 271: Colorectal cancer is the _____ most common cancer by incidence and mortality

Answer: 3rd

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 272: What is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction? _____

Answer: Adhesion

Extra: * most commonly due to previous surgery Watch Small Bowel Obstruction, Ileus & Hernias [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-small-bowel-obstruction-ileus-and-hernias?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki typically result from abdominal operations (even just an appendectomy!) or inflammatory processes; other common causes include hernias (#1 cause in developing countries) and malignancy

Flashcard 273: What affect does splenic sequestration crisis have on serum hemoglobin and hematocrit? _____

Answer: Decreased (normocytic anemia)

Extra: Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 274: What endocrine pathology is associated with the loss of β cells and "β cell burnout"? _____

Answer: Type II DM

Extra: * less important than beta cell dysfunction Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 275: _____ is characterized by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction

Answer: Gastroparesis

Flashcard 276: Does Acanthosis Nigricans typically present as a paraneoplastic syndrome? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 277: What treatment for SCID is curative? _____

Answer: Bone marrow transplant

Extra: Watch Combined B & T Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-combined-b-and-t-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 278: Diphyllobothrium latum is a helminth that can result in _ due to _ deficiency

Answer: megaloblastic anemia

Extra: Watch Cestodes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-trematodes-and-cestodes-cestodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 279: Major risk factors for parotitis include dehydration, _____ (elderly postoperative patients), and anti-cholinergics

Answer: intubation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 280: Disinfestation of Scabies is achieved by laundering clothing and bedding in _____ water

Answer: hot

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 281: Helicobacter pylori infection can result in a(n) _____ anemia

Answer: iron deficiency

Extra: Watch Helicobacter pylori [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-helicobacter-pylori?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 282: Sjögren's syndrome classically presents with _____, known as xerostomia

Answer: dry mouth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 283: Selective _____ deficiency is the most common 1* immunodeficiency and increases susceptibility to Giardia infections

Answer: IgA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 284: Infectious mononucleosis is associated with increased risk for _____ rupture

Answer: splenic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 285: Pyogenic infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes include _____, non-bullous impetigo, erysipelas/cellulitis

Answer: pharyngitis (strep throat)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 286: _____ is a(n) autosomal dominant condition where there are cycles of neutropenia

Answer: Cyclic neutropenia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 287: Esophageal strictures are associated with _____ and GERD

Answer: caustic ingestion

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki Esophageal B-ring (Schatzki ring) Barium swallow (lateral view): circular narrowing of the esophagus directly at the esophagogastric junction (Schatzki ring or B-ring). As opposed to A-rings (which are located just proximal to the EG junction), B-rings often can only be seen if there is a concomitant hiatal hernia. with which they are frequently associated (as is the case here). Robbins:

Flashcard 288: TTP and HUS present with _____ bleeding time

Answer: increased

Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 289: Vibrio cholerae causes profuse _____ diarrhea with visible flakes of mucous and epithelial cells

Answer: watery

Extra: Watch Vibrio spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-vibrio-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 290: Which virus can cause respiratory insufficiency and decreased DTRs? _____

Answer: Poliovirus

Extra: Watch Poliovirus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-poliovirus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 291: Acute mesenteric ischemia may present with "_____" stool

Answer: currant jelly

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 292: Anterior anal fissures are associated with _____ disease, malignancy, and infection

Answer: Crohn's

Flashcard 293: _____ syndrome is recurrent abdominal pain with > 2 of the following: - Pain related to defecation - Change in stool frequency - Change in stool consistency

Answer: Irritable bowel

Flashcard 294: Sialolithiasis presents as recurrent _____-prandial pain and swelling in affected gland

Answer: pre-/peri

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 295: Multiple endocrine neoplasia is characterized by tumor formation in multiple endocrine organs that occurs in _____

Answer: young adults (age <35)

Flashcard 296: What change in bowel movement is associated with pellagra (B3 deficiency)? _____

Answer: Diarrhea

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 297: Celiac disease is associated with _____ bone density

Answer: decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 298: What is the most common type of kidney stone? _____

Answer: Calcium stone (80%)

Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 299: Severe deficiencies of vitamin B3 can lead to _____

Answer: pellagra

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 300: The causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis may be remembered with the mnemonic HARDASS: H: _____ A: Addison disease R: renal tubular acidosis D: diarrhea A: acetazolamide S: spironolactone S: saline infusion

Answer: hyperalimentation (artificial supply of nutrition)

Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 301: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is associated with increased risk of _____, GI, and gynecologic cancers

Answer: breast

Extra: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 302: Vitamin _____ deficiency is seen in patients with malabsorption, decreased sun exposure, poor diet, and chronic kidney disease

Answer: D

Extra: Watch Osteomalacia & Rickets [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteomalacia-and-rickets?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 303: What type of anemia is seen with vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency? _____

Answer: Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki MMA levels in B12 deficiency are high

Flashcard 304: What are modifiable risk factors for gastric adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: Smoking and Alcohol

Flashcard 305: What is the general treatment for diverticulitis? _____

Answer: Antibiotics

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 306: Deficiency of autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causes _____

Answer: autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome-1

Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 307: Boerhaave syndrome may present with subcutaneous _____, which is characterized by crepitus felt in the neck region or chest wall

Answer: emphysema

Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 308: Chronic kidney disease superimposed with _____ may present with anorexia, nausea and vomiting

Answer: uremia

Extra: Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 309: The criteria for AIDS is CD4 count less than 200, or confirmed HIV positivity with _____ infections such as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or Candida esophagitis

Answer: AIDS-defining opportunistic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 310: Salmonella _____ causes inflammatory diarrhea

Answer: enteritidis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 311: MEN 2B may present with constipation or diarrhea due to diffuse _____

Answer: intestinal ganglioneuromatosis

Flashcard 312: Benign prostatic hyperplasia may present with problems starting and stopping _____

Answer: urination

Flashcard 313: Appendicitis may lead to rupture, resulting in peritonitis with guarding and _____ on physical exam

Answer: rebound tenderness

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 314: In addition to central diabetes insipidus, desmopressin (DDAVP) may be used to treat _____, which is associated with increased bruisability and mucosal bleeding

Answer: von Willebrand disease

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 315: Conditions that can lead to achlorhydria include chronic _____ or antacid use, ménétrier disease, Sjögren's syndrome, atrophic gastritis, and VIPomas (WDHA syndrome)

Answer: PPI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 316: _____ hernias are found in about half of patients with Mallory Weiss syndrome and are considered a strong predisposing factor

Answer: Hiatal

Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 317: _____ is a painful hand vesicle that occurs when the skin comes in contact with HSV-1 or HSV-2 (common in dentists)

Answer: Herpetic whitlow

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki low-grade fever and painful

Flashcard 318: Angiodysplasia classically presents as _____ in an older adult

Answer: hematochezia

Extra: * Old lady wearing skull mask= elderly age demographic * Hematochezia is the passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools (contrast with melena - upper GI tract bleed) Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 319: Is the intestinal metaplasia seen with H. pylori gastritis reversible? _____

Answer: Yes (resolves with treatment of infection)

Flashcard 320: How does gastrin secretion change with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? _____

Answer: Very increased

Flashcard 321: Leishmania donovani presents as visceral leishmaniasis, also known as _____

Answer: kala-azar (black fever)

Extra: Watch Leishmania braziliensis & donovani [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-leishmania-braziliensis-and-donovani?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 322: Esophageal web presents with dysphagia for _____ food

Answer: poorly chewed

Flashcard 323: Is reactive arthritis characterized by sterile or septic synovial fluid? _____

Answer: Sterile

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 324: Late complications of GERD include: - Barrett esophagus - ulcerations followed by esophageal _____

Answer: strictures

Flashcard 325: What HLA subtype is associated with hemochromatosis? _____

Answer: A3

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 326: Wernicke encephalopathy is characterized by a triad of _____, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia

Answer: confusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 327: One risk factor for UTI is indwelling _____

Answer: catheters

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 328: Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic bacteria that forms a painful _ with a(n) _ base at the site of infection

Answer: ulcer

Flashcard 329: What procedure should be performed with S. bovis infection? _____

Answer: Colonoscopy (suspect colon cancer)

Extra: Watch Enterococcus faecium & faecalis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-enterococcus-faecium-and-faecalis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 330: MEN 1 is associated with pituitary tumors that secrete _ or _

Answer: prolactin

Extra: * Can be associated with any anterior pituitary cell line Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-men?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 331: _____ syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by effortless regurgitation of ingested food into the mouth after most meals.

Answer: Rumination

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 332: Which renal tubular acidosis may be caused by congenital adrenal hyperplasia? _____

Answer: Hyperkalemic (type 4) RTA

Flashcard 333: Candida vulvovaginitis is common in patients with _____ and patients who use antibiotics and oral contraceptives

Answer: diabetes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 334: Symptoms of Coltivirus (Colorado tick virus) include fevers, vomiting, and _____

Answer: myalgia

Extra: Watch Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever virus (Reoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rotavirus-colorado-tick-fever-virus-reoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 335: The initial treatment for immune thrombocytopenic purpura is _____

Answer: corticosteroids

Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 336: Cat scratch fever due to Bartonella henselae presents with _ or _ lymphadenitis

Answer: axillary

Extra: Watch Bartonella henselae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-bartonella-henselae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 337: Which strain of Salmonella is treated with fluoroquinolones? _____

Answer: Salmonella typhi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 338: The diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis is confirmed with _____

Answer: endoscopy and esophageal biopsy (> 15 eos/hpf)

Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 339: The primary tumors for brain metastases can be ranked in the following order: _____ > Breast > Melanoma, Colon, Kidney

Answer: Lung

Extra: ("Lead Bullets Meckel" - LB MeCKel) Watch Adult CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-adult-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 340: Anti-islet cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies are associated with _____

Answer: type I diabetes mellitus

Flashcard 341: Which paraneoplastic syndrome presents with a sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses? _____

Answer: Sign of Leser-Trélat

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 342: What type of diarrhea is seen in Legionnaires' disease? _____

Answer: Watery

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 343: Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K are characterized by a(n) _____ discharge

Answer: watery

Flashcard 344: One possible ulcer complication is _____ of the pyloric channel or duodenum

Answer: obstruction

Extra: * due to inflammation causing swelling of pylorus Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 345: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in _____ has a chronic course with episodic acute flares

Answer: adults

Flashcard 346: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a(n) _____ disorder resulting in thin-walled blood vessels, especially in the mouth and GI tract

Answer: autosomal dominant

Extra: In cardiology section: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 347: Symptoms of esophageal carcinoma include progressive _____, weight loss, pain, and hematemesis

Answer: dysphagia (solids to liquids)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 348: Sialolithiasis is typically treated conservatively with NSAIDs, gland massage, warm compresses, and _____

Answer: sialogogues

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 349: What endocrine pathology is associated with UTI? _____

Answer: Diabetes mellitus

Flashcard 350: Accelerated emptying of hyperosmolar food boluses into the small bowel results in _____

Answer: dumping syndrome

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 351: Interferon alpha may be used to treat _____ caused by HHV-8

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Hepatitis) Watch Interferon a, b, y [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-immunology-interferon-a-b-g?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 352: Fungal/TB meningitis is associated with _____ glucose in the CSF

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 353: Which type of gallstone (cholesterol or pigment) is associated with rapid weight loss? _____

Answer: Cholesterol gallstone

Flashcard 354: Which form of diabetes mellitus is characterized by weight loss? _____

Answer: Type 1 Diabetes

Extra: * emaciated kid eating donuts/protein bar: these patients do not have any insulin to store glucose and thus no deposition as fat or other storage forms Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 355: The steatorrhea in Giardia is hypothesized to stem from excess _ production that impairs fat absorption in the _

Answer: mucus

Flashcard 356: PTH levels are _____ in the setting of diarrhea, aminoglycoside use, diuretics, and alcohol abuse

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 357: Initial infection with H. pylori may cause _____

Answer: acute gastritis

Flashcard 358: _____ occurs when mouth anaerobic bacteria enter the lungs

Answer: Aspiration pneumonia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 359: Which finger/hand joints are affected in osteoarthritis? _____

Answer: PIPs, DIPs, and 1st CMC

Extra: Watch Osteoarthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-osteoarthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 360: Reactivation of CMV occurs in the immunosuppressed, such as _____ and AIDS patients

Answer: organ transplant

Flashcard 361: Does vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency cause neurologic symptoms? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 362: Streptococcus bovis (gallolyticus) infection is associated with endocarditis in patients with underlying _____

Answer: colorectal carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki previously known as S. bovis; Clostridium septicum is also associated with colon cancer (bovis in blood, cancer in colon)

Flashcard 363: Achalasia is characterized by _____ LES pressure on esophageal manometry

Answer: high

Flashcard 364: The anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies in Sjögren's syndrome are against _____

Answer: ribonucleoproteins

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 365: Screening for colorectal polyps/carcinoma is performed by _____ and testing for fecal occult blood (stool guaiac test)

Answer: colonoscopy

Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 366: TMP-SMX is the 1st line for _____

Answer: UTIs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 367: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by _____ % saturation

Answer: decreased

Extra: * Empty iron TRANSporter: in iron deficiency anemia, transferrin saturation is LOW (due to decreased iron) ‚Üí INCREASED total iron binding capacity [TIBC]) * Elevated empty iron TRANSporter: in iron deficiency anemia, TRANSFERRIN is ELEVATED (due to increased transferrin production) Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 368: Which cause of genital ulceration presents with painful genital ulcer with purulent exudate? _____

Answer: Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 369: Mesenteric adenitis is most commonly associated with _____

Answer: Yersinia enterocolitica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 370: Achlorhydria can cause a vitamin B12 deficiency by preventing release of B12 from _____

Answer: food particles

Flashcard 371: Duodenal ulcers are almost always due to _____ (~ 90%)

Answer: H. pylori

Flashcard 372: UTI with sterile pyuria suggests _____ due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Answer: urethritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 373: _____ thyroid carcinoma may increase gut motility or decrease intestinal fluid absorption leading to diarrhea

Answer: Medullary

Extra: Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 374: Diverticulosis is usually _____ or associated with vague discomfort

Answer: asymptomatic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki Diverticulosis in the sigmoid colon Endoscopic view on the sigmoid colon: the opening of two small diverticula are located in the upper right corner of this image. There are no signs of inflammation. Atlas:

Flashcard 375: Erythema multiforme with lip/oral mucosal involvement and fever is termed _____ syndrome

Answer: Stevens-Johnson

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki Toxic epidermal necrolysis/Stevens-Johnson syndrome This 6-month-old patient presents with toxic epidermal necrolysis, the severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Smallpox vaccination can trigger toxic epidermal necrolysis. Stevens-Johnson syndrome following sulfonamide treatment Blistering of skin and epidermal detachment involving the conjunctiva are visible, resembling a superficial burn.

Flashcard 376: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is more common in Jewish and African American _____

Answer: males

Extra: * Imagine a Jewish/African american male smoking on the boat ledge Watch Pancreatic Cancer & Islet Cell Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-pancreatic-cancer-and-islet-cell-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 377: Paths of Progression after Primary Mycobacteria tuberculosis infection: healed _____ infection (most common)

Answer: latent

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 378: Infection, pain, and sleep deprivation can precipitate _____glycemia in patients with insulin treated diabetes

Answer: hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 379: What effect does Addison disease have on blood sugar levels? _____

Answer: Hypoglycemia

Extra: Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 380: _____ incontinence has features of both stress and urgency incontinence

Answer: Mixed

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/urinary-incontinence?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/urinary-incontinence/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 381: _____ syndrome is characterized by a triad of recurrent aphthous ulcers with genital ulcers and uveitis

Answer: Behçet

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki classically presents in a young adult of Turkish, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent; other manifestations include thrombosis and skin lesions (e.g. erythema nodosum)

Flashcard 382: What is the treatment for advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: Immunotherapy or targeted therapy

Extra: Watch Renal Cell Carcinoma & Nephroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 383: What senses are impaired with zinc deficiency? _____ and smell (anosmia)

Answer: Taste (dysgeusia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 384: What is the most common location for a gastric ulcer? _____

Answer: Lesser curvature of stomach

Flashcard 385: Is the hematemesis seen with Mallory-Weiss syndrome typically painful or painless? _____

Answer: Painful

Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 386: Patients who use probenecid need to drink _____L of fluid daily

Answer: 2

Extra: Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-gout-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 387: In general, iron deficiency is usually caused by _____ or blood loss

Answer: dietary lack

Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 388: What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome? _____

Answer: Exogenous glucocorticoids

Extra: Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 389: One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is insufficient intake, which may occur with _____ diets

Answer: vegan

Flashcard 390: Boerhaave syndrome is usually due to violent _____

Answer: retching

Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 391: IPEX syndrome is associated with a variety of dermatological findings, but in particular patients present with dermatitis, nail _____, and other autoimmune dermatologic conditions (especially autoimmune alopecia)

Answer: dystrophy

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/immunodeficiency-syndromes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 392: Chronic prostatitis presents as dysuria with pelvic or _____ pain

Answer: low back

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 393: One complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is _____, which predisposes to infection

Answer: hypogammaglobulinemia

Extra: * due to decreased production of immunoglobulins by abnormal B-cells Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 394: Is Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with other autoimmune disorders? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 395: Screening for colorectal carcinoma in low-risk patients begins at _____ years of age (e.g. colonoscopy, fecal occult blood (stool guaiac test))

Answer: 45

Flashcard 396: Alcohol, fat-rich diets, caffeine, obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and hiatal hernias may cause _____

Answer: GERD

Extra: "All Fat COPS Have GERD" Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 397: The flaccid paralysis in Clostridium botulinum is a(n) _____ paralysis

Answer: descending

Extra: Watch Clostridium botulinum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-clostridium-botulinum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neuromuscular-junction-nmj?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 398: Is libido increased or decreased in patients with excess prolactin? _____

Answer: Decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 399: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often presents with _____, which can mimic cardiac chest pain

Answer: heartburn

Flashcard 400: Giardia (parasite) commonly presents with bloating, _ and foul-smelling _

Answer: flatulence

Flashcard 401: Risk factors for uric acid kidney stones include _____ climates and low urine volume

Answer: hot/arid

Flashcard 402: _____ is a disease caused by EBV that is also commonly referred to as "kissing disease" as it is often seen in teens and young adults

Answer: Mononucleosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 403: Premenopausal woman presents with dyspareunia, UTI, dry vaginal mucosa and past medical history of chronic dry eyes/mouth: _____

Answer: Sjögren's syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 404: _____ osteoporosis is due to lack of estrogen and release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1)

Answer: Type 1 'postmenopausal'

Extra: - six times more common in women - may lead to a vertebral compression fracture - man is more likely to have type 2 ‚Äòsenile osteoporosis Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 405: Hereditary angioedema presents in childhood with recurrent episodes of swelling _____ urticaria

Answer: without

Flashcard 406: One consequence of autosplenectomy in sickle cell disease is increased risk of _____ due to Salmonella paratyphi infection

Answer: osteomyelitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 407: Periodic Fever Syndromes can be treated with _____

Answer: Canakinumab

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 408: Tertiary adrenal insufficiency is seen in patients with chronic exogenous _ use, precipitated by _

Answer: steroid

Extra: * aldosterone synthesis is unaffected Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 409: Chronic _____ consumption may cause vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer: alcohol

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki elevated methylmalonic acid level is more sensitive in detecting B12 deficiency than serum vitamin levels alone

Flashcard 410: What demographic is associated with hairy cell leukemia? _____

Answer: Adult males

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 411: Treatment of iron deficiency anemia involves supplemental _____

Answer: iron (ferrous sulfate)

Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 412: What is the most common cause of death in MEN1? _____

Answer: Pancreatic tumors

Flashcard 413: _____ syndrome is characterized by a triad of iron deficiency anemia, esophageal web, and a beefy-red tongue (atrophic glossitis)

Answer: Plummer-Vinson

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 414: Which endocrine tumor may present with neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, dementia, psychosis, agitation)? _____

Answer: Glucagonoma

Flashcard 415: Risk factors for nephrolithiasis include: - high _____ concentration in the urinary filtrate - low urine volume

Answer: solute

Flashcard 416: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by no B-cell differentiation into plasma cells? _____

Answer: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

Flashcard 417: _____-sided colorectal carcinoma presents with colicky pain and hematochezia (stool)

Answer: Left

Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 418: Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) kidney stones classically form _____ in renal calyces

Answer: staghorn calculi

Flashcard 419: Eosinophilic esophagitis classically presents with dysphagia and food impaction in response to _____

Answer: food allergens

Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki other symptoms include epigastric pain and vomiting; treat by avoiding food triggers.

Flashcard 420: Chronic autoimmune gastritis is associated with antibodies against _____ and/or intrinsic factor

Answer: parietal cells

Flashcard 421: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by fever and sloughing of skin at the dermal-epidermal junction? _____

Answer: Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Flashcard 422: Osmolal gap > _____ indicates presence of unaccounted osmoles (e.g. methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol)

Answer: 10

Flashcard 423: _____ infection is an infection of the urethra, bladder, or kidney

Answer: Urinary tract

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/urinary-incontinence?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 424: Idiopathic acidic urine accounts for 50% of _____ kidney stones

Answer: uric acid

Flashcard 425: Histoplasmosis prophylaxis in HIV/AIDS patients is started at CD4+ counts < _, using _

Answer: 150

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 426: Chronic pyelonephritis typically requires predisposition to infection, such as _____ (children) or obstruction

Answer: vesicoureteral reflux

Flashcard 427: _____ refers to milk production outside of lactation

Answer: Galactorrhea

Extra: Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/crash-course-in-medicine/introduction/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 428: What is the treatment for scombroid poisoning? _____

Answer: Antihistamines (also may use albuterol and epinephrine if needed)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 429: Risk factors for cholesterol gallstones may be remembered with the "4 F's": 1. _____ 2. Female (estrogen increases activity of HMG-CoA reductase) 3. Fertile (pregnant) 4. Forty

Answer: Fat

Extra: * Horatio, Mario, Gio & Co Ristorante sign: HMG CoA Reductase (the rate determining enzyme in the pathway responsible for biosynthesis of cholesterol in the liver) Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki ↑ Estrogen (female, fat, fertile) = ↑ HMG-CoA = ↑ cholesterol for gallstone

Flashcard 430: Type 1 RTA presents with _____ levels of urine citrate *bonus: why?

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 431: Glucocorticoid use may cause candidiasis and reactivation of latent infections, such as _____

Answer: tuberculosis

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 432: Gastric carcinoma typically presents _____ with weight loss, early satiety, abdominal pain, and anemia

Answer: late

Flashcard 433: Diverticulosis is associated with low _____ diets

Answer: fiber

Extra: * straining generates high pressure within colon Watch Large Bowel & Appendiceal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-large-bowel-and-appendiceal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 434: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may damage the _____ of teeth

Answer: enamel

Extra: * Choking throat full of acid = enamel breakdown from GERD Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 435: The main symptomatic difference between cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and henoch-schonlein purpura is a lack of _____ symptoms

Answer: gastrointestinal

Flashcard 436: _____ conjunctivitis is characterized by bilateral itchy eyes

Answer: Allergic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 437: Anemia is classified as _____ when the MCV is between 80 to 100 μm3

Answer: normocytic

Flashcard 438: What demographic is most commonly associated with irritable bowel syndrome? _____

Answer: Middle-aged women

Extra: * Red-headed female behind bush relieving bowels= IBS common in middle-aged females Watch Large Bowel & Appendiceal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-large-bowel-and-appendiceal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 439: _____ is a Rickettsial disease that presents with a rash that starts centrally and then spreads out, but spares the palms and soles

Answer: Typhus

Extra: Watch Rickettsia prowazekii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-rickettsia-prowazekii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 440: Complications of diverticulosis include painless rectal _____

Answer: bleeding (hematochezia)

Flashcard 441: Salmonella typhi can cause constipation or '_____' diarrhea

Answer: pea soup

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 442: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is usually seen in individuals with _____ or cystic fibrosis

Answer: asthma

Extra: Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki may manifest as symptoms of uncontrolled asthma and can lead to recurrent pulmonary infiltrates and bronchiectasis; treatment involves long-term oral corticosteroids and itraconazole

Flashcard 443: Megaloblastic anemia is associated with _____

Answer: glossitis

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 444: Does eosinophilic esophagitis respond to GERD therapy (e.g. PPIs)? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 445: Which thyroid imbalance presents with constipation? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Extra: * Plunger Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 446: What endocrine disorder may be associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? _____

Answer: MEN 1

Flashcard 447: What connective tissue disease is associated with esophageal dysmotility? _____

Answer: Scleroderma

Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Sjogrens Syndrome, Systemic Sclerosis & Mixed Connective Tissue Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 448: Anti-diarrheal agents are contraindicated in patients with _ or _

Answer: bloody diarrhea

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Relaxatives) Watch Laxatives & antidiarrheal agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-laxatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 449: The most common kidney stone presentation is a(n) calcium oxalate stone in a patient with _-calciuria and _-calcemia

Answer: hyper

Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 450: Bile acid resins increase the cholesterol content of bile acids and thus may cause _____

Answer: cholesterol gallstones

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Blood & Inflammation (Dyslipidemia drugs) Watch Cholestyramine, ezetimibe [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-dyslipidemia-drugs-cholestyramine-ezetimibe?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 451: Which protozoal complication can present with encephalitis and ring enhancing lesions on CT scan? _____

Answer: Toxoplasmosis

Extra: Watch Toxoplasma gondii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-cns-toxoplasma-gondii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 452: _____ due to Legionella pneumophila is characterized by a(n) lobar* pneumonia

Answer: Legionnaires' disease

Flashcard 453: Cystitis typically presents with _____-uria, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain

Answer: dys

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 454: Reactive arthritis classically arises in young adults after a(n) _____ tract or Chlamydia trachomatis infection

Answer: GI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 455: Multiple sclerosis most commonly manifests with fatigue, but may also present with (mnemonic = SIIIN) S: _____ I: Intention tremor I: Incontinence I: INO N: Nystagmus

Answer: Scanning speech

Extra: * Guy crawling with fire on his back = Fatigue; *Shaking R eye despite L eye injury = Nystagmus in unaffected eye Watch Multiple Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-multiple-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Nystagmus is a part of the INO

Flashcard 456: Scabies is transmitted through _____ most commonly, or via fomites

Answer: skin-to-skin contact

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 457: Which type of duodenal ulcer is more commonly associated with hemorrhage? _____

Answer: Posterior

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 458: What is the likely diagnosis in a diabetic patient with anorexia, postprandial bloating/vomiting, and early satiety without heartburn or epigastric pain? _____

Answer: Gastroparesis

Flashcard 459: What is the first line treatment of pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile)? _____

Answer: Oral Vancomycin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 460: Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder typically presents with painless _____

Answer: hematuria

Extra: Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 461: UTIs are associated with _____ incontinence

Answer: urgency

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/urinary-incontinence?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/urinary-incontinence/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 462: Cholesterol gallstones may be seen in _____ due to elevated progesterone levels *bonus: why?

Answer: pregnant women

Extra: * Estrogen upregulates HMG-CoA Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 463: What HLA subtype is associated with seronegative arthropathies? _____

Answer: B27

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/seronegative-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 464: Absorptive hypercalciuria, renal hypercalciuria, and resorptive hypercalciuria present with _____calcemia

Answer: normo

Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 465: _____ predisposes individuals to Candida albicans infection

Answer: Diabetes

Extra: Watch Candida albicans [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-candida-albicans?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 466: Although rare, chronic urinary retention in benign prostatic hyperplasia can lead to what complication? _____

Answer: Recurrent UTIs

Extra: Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 467: Common infectious causes of orchitis in older adults include _ and _

Answer: E. coli

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 468: What tumor marker is useful for assessing treatment response and recurrence of colorectal carcinoma? _____

Answer: CEA

Flashcard 469: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by decreased T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs)? _____

Answer: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Flashcard 470: _____ of the helminth Toxocara canis can enter the eye and cause blindness

Answer: Larvae

Flashcard 471: What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in male adults (20-50 years old)? _____

Answer: Peptic ulcer disease

Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 472: Patients who are smokers have higher levels of what serum tumor marker? _____

Answer: CEA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 473: What dermatologic lesion is a large fluid-containing blister > 1 cm? _____

Answer: Bulla

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/general-principles?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 474: Men who have sex with men, HIV, HPV (16,18), smoking, and immunocompromised state are risk factors for _____ carcinoma of the anus

Answer: squamous cell

Flashcard 475: What GI disorder may be treated with deferasirox, deferoxamine, and oral deferiprone? _____

Answer: Hemochromatosis

Extra: * Deferoxamine has a poor oral bioavailability; It is administered SubQ, IV, or occasionally IM * It has a short half-life, necessitating administration at least 8-12 hours daily, 5-7 days per week. Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 476: Lung abscess is often caused by _____ of oropharyngeal contents

Answer: aspiration

Flashcard 477: Can an adenomatous polyp be distinguished from a hyperplastic polyp on gross examination (e.g. colonoscopy)? _____

Answer: No (thus remove all polyps)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 478: What is the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma? _____

Answer: Poor (presents late)

Flashcard 479: Normocytic anemia with extravascular hemolysis is associated with increased risk for _____ gallstones

Answer: bilirubin

Extra: Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Intravascular Hemolysis Overiew & Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 480: Ischemic colitis is most commonly due to _____ of the SMA

Answer: atherosclerosis

Flashcard 481: _____ is a parasite that causes diarrhea in immunocompromised/suppressed (e.g. HIV/AIDS) patients

Answer: Cryptosporidium

Flashcard 482: Clinical features of secondary TB include fever and night _____

Answer: sweats

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/tb/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 483: Atrophic glossitis and angular cheilitis are clinical manifestations of _____ anemia

Answer: iron deficiency

Extra: * Smooth red tongue (atrophic glossitis) & inflamed corners of mouth (angular cheilitis) Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 484: HHV-8 infection is common in _____ patients

Answer: immunocompromised (AIDS)

Flashcard 485: Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis and osteopenia include corticosteroids, _ and heavy _ use

Answer: smoking

Flashcard 486: Toxic megacolon describes the cessation of colonic contractions by way of transmural inflammation that results in significantly increased _____ release

Answer: nitric oxide

Extra: Watch Crohns Disease & Ulcerative Colitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-crohns-disease-and-ulcerative-colitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 487: The chancroid seen in Haemophilus ducreyi is _____

Answer: painful

Flashcard 488: If Streptococcus bovis is present in the blood (bacteremia) what pathology should be suspected? _____

Answer: Colon cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 489: What is the next step in management in a patient with DKA? _____

Answer: Normal saline and IV regular insulin infusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 490: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with chronic, episodic epigastric pain that suddenly worsens (X-ray findings below)? _____

Answer: Perforated peptic ulcer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 491: Before starting PPIs, what treatment is offered for people with GERD? _____

Answer: Lifestyle modifications

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 492: What is the initial management for a patient with suspected GERD who has a bitter taste, substernal chest pain, dysphagia and weight loss? _____

Answer: Endoscopy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gerd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 493: What is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency? _____

Answer: Pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 494: Patients with suspected aspiration pneumonia should be treated with antibiotics that include _____ coverage

Answer: anaerobic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 495: How are lymph nodes characterized in the setting of a Haemophilus ducreyi genital infection? _____

Answer: Severe lymphadenopathy that may suppurate (pus forming)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 496: First step in person with cholangitis with unstable vitals? _____

Answer: IV fluids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 497: CVID = ↑ risk of _____

Answer: lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 498: BPH predisposes to recurrent _____ due to an elevated PVR

Answer: UTIs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 499: Chronic hemolysis w/o adequate _ increases the risk for _

Answer: folic acid intake

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 500: Can C. difficile cause occult blood in the stool? _____

Answer: yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 501: _____ is an STD that presents with urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis and a(n) creamy purulent discharge

Answer: Gonorrhea

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 502: How do the following laboratory values change in primary hyperparathyroidism? PTH: Increased Ca2+: _ Phosphorus: _

Answer: Increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 503: What is the first step in the treatment of acute upper GI bleed (e.g. variceal hemorrhage) in a patient with a normal airway/breathing? _____

Answer: Vascular access with two large-bore IV catheters

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 504: Iron deficiency anemia is most commonly caused by excessive _____ in young females

Answer: bleeding

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 505: What is the likely diagnosis in an adolescent with recurrent kidney stones, hexagonal crystals on urinalysis, and a (+) urinary cyanide nitroprusside test? _____

Answer: Cystinuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 506: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with episodes of dysphagia, regurgitation, and chest pain with radiation to the back that is precipitated by emotional stress? _____

Answer: Diffuse esophageal spasm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 507: What is the likely diagnosis in a female with bladder pain that is relieved with voiding, as well as dyspareunia, urinary frequency/urgency, and normal urinalysis? _____

Answer: Interstitial cystitis (painful bladder syndrome)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 508: Pemphigus Vulgaris Cause: ___ Sx: _ Nikolsky Dx +Bx: _ Tx: _ Epidemiology: ages ___

Answer: autoimmune on desmoglein (found between the epithelial cells)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 509: Cough, rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, oral ulcers are symptoms of _____ pharyngitis

Answer: viral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 510: Stool osmotic gap = 290 - 2 x (_ + _)

Answer: [Na+]

Extra: Watch Lactase Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-lactase-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/chronic-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 511: What is the next step in management for a patient with poorly controlled HIV that presents with mild odynophagia/dysphagia? _____

Answer: Empiric fluconazole

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 512: Cystitis typically presents with _____-uria, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain

Answer: dys

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 513: Non-anion gap metabolic acidosis is broadly caused by two things: 1) RTA 2) _____

Answer: Diarrhea (HCO3- loss in gut)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 514: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a long history of Hashimoto thyroiditis that develops a rapidly enlarging, firm goiter with dysphagia, hoarseness, and fever? _____

Answer: Thyroid lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 515: _____ deficiency = Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Answer: Thiamine (B1)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 516: In addition to bilateral parotitis, mumps may also present with _____, aseptic meningitis, and pancreatitis

Answer: orchitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/peds-infectious-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 517: _____ presents with unilateral testicular pain, dysuria, fever/chills, and a scrotal mass; and is caused by E. coli in old people and STDs in young dudes

Answer: Epididymitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 518: Cystitis is characterized by _____ urine and should be confirmed with urinalysis

Answer: cloudy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 519: Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria and flushing is suggestive of _____

Answer: VIPoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki Achlorhydria = lack of gastric acid WDKA syndrome

Flashcard 520: What procedure should be done prior to endoscopic treatment in patients with upper GI bleed who have a depressed level of consciousness and continued hematemesis? _____

Answer: Endotracheal intubation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 521: What is the likely diagnosis in an obese woman with an erythematous rash involving the skin folds underneath her breasts? _____

Answer: Intertrigo (most commonly due to Candida)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 522: Which genital infection is characterized by painful, deep ulcers with a gray/yellow exudate and severe lymphadenopathy with pus? _____

Answer: Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 523: What causes post-hepatic disease? (5) _____

Answer: Gallstones, pancreatic cancer, PBC, PSC, stricture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 524: Chronic pancreatitis can lead to gastric varices by causing _____

Answer: splenic vein thrombosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/pancreatitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 525: _____ is a form of upper GI bleed that involves significant hematemesis from an aberrant submucosal artery in the stomach

Answer: Dieulafoy lesion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 526: Describe the location of pain associated with peptic ulcer disease vs. GERD: PUD: _ GERD: _

Answer: epigastric pain (e.g. near stomach/duodenum)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 527: Oral candidiasis may _____ when scraped off

Answer: bleed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 528: What is tx for Mallory-Weiss tear? _____

Answer: Nothing; treat GI bleed if it is still bleeding

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 529: Streptococcus bovis and Clostridia septicum are associated with _____

Answer: colon cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 530: What is the treatment of choice for severe hypovolemic hypernatremia? _ until euvolemic, then _

Answer: 0.9% saline (isotonic)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 531: What is a worrisome sequelae of pseudotumor cerebri if left untreated? _____

Answer: Blindness

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 532: What is the likely cause of hypocalcemia in a patient who has steatorrhea? _____

Answer: Vitamin D deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 533: _____ deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that results in skin depigmentation, anemia, osteoporosis, and neurologic dysfunction

Answer: Copper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 534: Myasthenia gravis classically manifests as fatigable _____ and bulbar (e.g. dysarthria) muscle weakness

Answer: ocular (e.g. ptosis, diplopia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 535: HIV patients with Candida esophagitis more commonly present with _____

Answer: dysphagia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 536: Why is the risk of UTIs increased with BPH? _____

Answer: Periurethral prostatic enlargement impinges the urethra and prevents complete evacuation of the bladder

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 537: HIV patients with Viral esophagitis more commonly present with _____

Answer: odynophagia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 538: What is the screening schedule for colon cancer? _____

Answer: q10 yrs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 539: Kidney stone < 5 mm is managed with ___ Kidney stone 6-10 mm is managed with _ Kidney stone > 10 mm is managed with ___

Answer: conservative (oral fluids/analgesia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 540: The incubation period of norovirus is _____ hours, after which it causes watery, non-bloody diarrhea

Answer: 12-48

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 541: What type of anemia is characterized the following laboratory values? MCV: normal Serum iron: low Ferritin: high TIBC: low _____

Answer: Anemia of chronic disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 542: Ingested chemical is managed with _ and _

Answer: EGD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/burns/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 543: What two risky activities should you stop doing if you have peptic ulcer disease? _____

Answer: Smoking/alcohol (damages mucosa)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 544: High A1c and normal fasting glucose = _____

Answer: postprandial hyperglycemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/insulin-management/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 545: Microscopic colitis is characterized by chronic, _____ diarrhea that may occur during fasting and at night

Answer: watery

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 546: The most common cause of physiologic galactorrhea is _____

Answer: hyperprolactinemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 547: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is generally caused by what? _____

Answer: Aspiration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 548: Which etiology of peripheral precocious pubery is an estrogen-producing tumor? _____

Answer: Granulosa cell tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 549: What is the likely chief complaint in a patient diagnosed with Cryptosporidium parvum infection? _____

Answer: Prolonged, profuse, watery diarrhea (typically 10 - 14 days)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 550: Nocturnal asthma = _____

Answer: GERD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gerd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 551: Which demographic is more commonly affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the anus? _____

Answer: HIV/Homosexuals with receptive sexual practices

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 552: Dysuria, watery urethral discharge and sterile pyuria = _____ due to Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer: urethritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 553: Gradual, severe radicular pain, asymmetrical weakness, saddle anesthesia and bowel/bladder dysfunction _____

Answer: Cauda equina syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 554: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with poorly controlled HIV that presents with a two day history of mild odynophagia and dysphagia? Oral examination reveals thrush*. _____

Answer: Candidal esophagitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 555: Urinary tract obstruction can increase the risk of _____, characerized by "toxic" signs (fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis)

Answer: urosepsis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/sepsis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 556: Smoker with constant, progressive back pain worse at night/supine and weight loss is suggestive of _____

Answer: pancreatic cancer (body/tail)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 557: _____ deficiency is associated with anaphylaxis during blood transfusions

Answer: Selective IgA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 558: _____ is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure

Answer: Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 559: What is the treatment for Campylobacter gastroenteritis? _____

Answer: Supportive care (e.g. rehydration)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 560: _-sided colorectal carcinoma = iron deficiency anemia and weight loss _-sided colorectal carcinoma = obstructive symptoms (constipation and stool "caliber" change)

Answer: Right

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 561: Suspected duodenal ulcer is managed with _____

Answer: PPI and antibiotics

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 562: Plasmapheresis is used in the management of autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to _____ agglutinin disease

Answer: cold

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 563: How long until ARDS usually evolves in a patient after the inciting event? _____

Answer: 6-72 hrs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 564: AIN causes: _____ Infxn (pyelo) Infiltrative (sarcoid, amyloid, multiple myeloma)

Answer: Allergic reactions (NSAIDs, Bactrim, Lactams (cephalo's & PCN) → eosinophilia will be present

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 565: Uncomplicated diverticulitis = _____ antibiotics

Answer: PO

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 566: What is the most common complication peptic ulcer disease? _ Second most common complication? _

Answer: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 567: Does achalasia result in dysphagia to solids, liquids, or both? _____

Answer: Both

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 568: Urinary Chloride in Metabolic Alkalosis: Vomiting + Nasogastric aspiration = metabolic alkalosis and ___ urinary [Cl] = _ 1° hyperaldosteronism = metabolic alkalosis and _ urinary [Cl] = saline ___

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 569: What is the effect of Hyper-IgM syndrome on neutrophil count? _____

Answer: Decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 570: Right-sided diverticulosis = _ Left-sided diverticulosis = _

Answer: bleed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 571: Infection of the glans due to poor hygiene (erythema, discharge, ulcerated lesions on glans) is most likely _____

Answer: balanitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 572: Does acute myeloid leukemia typically present with lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly? _____

Answer: No (rare)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 573: Immigrant with minimal medical care presenting with tonic muscle spasms in the limbs, inability to swallow; preceeded by jaw stiffness? _____

Answer: Tetanus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 574: Along with cervical and axillary lymph nodes, infectious mononucleosis may present with _____ lymphadenopathy

Answer: inguinal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 575: Can vitamin B12 deficiency occur in a subtotal gastrectomy? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 576: What type of tumor presents with 5-HIAA in urine plus R valvular fibrosis, flushing, wheezing and diarrhea? _____

Answer: Intestinal carcinoid with mets to the liver

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 577: _____ bladder is inflammation of the bladder

Answer: Irritative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 578: _____ involves defective IL-2R or ADA deficiency resulting in ↓↓ T cell and B cell maturation

Answer: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 579: What is the treatment for Schatzki's ring? _____

Answer: Mechanical dilatation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 580: Older patient with a 20 year history of GERD and new alarm symptoms (e.g. dysphagia/odynophagia) raises concern for _ Dx: _

Answer: esophageal adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 581: Painful jaundice is typically secondary to biliary obstruction from _____

Answer: CBD stones

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 582: _____ incontinence is due to an overactive bladder

Answer: Urgency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 583: What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in the following populations: General: ___ Penetrating: _ Sickle cell: _ Diabetes mellitus: _ Oyster/Cirrhotic: ___

Answer: Staph aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 584: What is the treatment for an immunocompromised patient with suppurative sialadenitis? _____

Answer: IV vancomycin and meropenem

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 585: What is the recommended treatment for confirmed gonorrhea infection? _____

Answer: Ceftriaxone and azithromycin/doxy (for chlamydia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 586: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with well-controlled diabetes that develops diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and erythematous plaques with central clearing? _____

Answer: Glucagonoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 587: What is 1st line tx of GERD? _____

Answer: PPI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 588: What is tx of anal cancer? _____

Answer: Nigro radiochemotherapy or resection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/colorectal/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 589: Is primary prophylaxis against HSV recommended for patients with HIV? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 590: _____ syndrome is a pathology of the lower spinal cord that results in perianal anesthesia

Answer: Conus medullaris

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 591: Which genital infection is characterized by extensive, painless ulcers without lymphadenopathy? _____

Answer: Klebsiella granulomatis (granuloma inguinale)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 592: Bilateral ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia and muscle weakness is suggestive of _____

Answer: myasthenia gravis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 593: When does colonoscopy screening begin? _____

Answer: 50 or 10y before relative who had cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/colorectal/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 594: Sepsis = 2 SIRS and _____

Answer: source of infection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/sepsis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 595: Which blistering skin disorder may involve the mucosal lesions (e.g. mouth)? _____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 596: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with abdominal pain and hematemesis following recent use of alcohol, aspirin, and cocaine? _____

Answer: Acute erosive gastropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 597: _____ is a neurological disorder characterized by a classic triad of choreiform movement, dementia/depression, and behavioural changes

Answer: Huntington Disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 598: After you diagnose an adrenal tumor via CT/MRI, what would you want to do next to confirm which adrenal gland responsible? _____

Answer: Adrenal vein sampling

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 599: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with constipation, cold intolerance, low libido, and hypoglycemia with eosinophilia on laboratory exam? _____

Answer: Hypopituitarism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 600: Metabolic alkalosis is managed with _____

Answer: urine chloride

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 601: CA 19-9 is used to monitor recurrence of _____ adenocarcinoma

Answer: pancreatic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 602: SCID = _ absolute lymphocyte count HIV = _ absolute lymphocyte count

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 603: Intermittent solid/liquid dysphagia may indicate: _____ Esophageal spasm

Answer: Eosinophilic esophagitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 604: Recently hospitalized patients who develop voluminous watery diarrhea, low-grade fever, and leukocytosis is highly suggestive of _____

Answer: C. difficile infection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 605: Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau syndrome) is seen in _____

Answer: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 606: _____ pain = The pain is constant, localizes to a specific part of the abdomen, and is worse with movement

Answer: Somatic (aka peritoneal)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 607: HIV patient with CD4 < 50, systemic symptoms, splenomegaly and elevated alkaline phosphatase level is suggestive of _____

Answer: MAC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 608: Irritable bowel syndrome involves ≥ 3 months of abdominal pain with 2/3 of: _____

Answer: Pain improving with defecation Changes in stool frequency Changes in stool appearance

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 609: Flat lesion < 1 cm with defined borders = _____

Answer: macule

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 610: _____ mutation = MEN 1

Answer: Menin (MEN 1)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 611: Acute leukemia may present acutely with symptoms of _____, thrombocytopenia, and/or neutropenia

Answer: anemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 612: Latent tuberculosis infections should be screened in what populations: _____

Answer: Populations at increased risk

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/tb/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 613: Vesicoureteral Reflux = ↑ risk for _____

Answer: pyelonephritis/UTIs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 614: Achalasia causes progressive dysphagia _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 615: What is the classic cause of pseudoappendicitis? _____

Answer: Yersinia enteroclitica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 616: Fecal impaction can cause fecal _____ due to obstruction of fecal flow in the rectum

Answer: incontinence

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 617: Sister Mary Joseph nodule is seen in _____

Answer: GI / pelvic cancer (metastasis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 618: Sudden onset pain with pain out of proportion (POOP) +/- bloody stool = _____

Answer: ischemic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/abdominal-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 619: Which parasite commonly affects the webspace of the fingers and feet? _____

Answer: Scabies

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 620: Below is a patient with _____

Answer: tinea versicolor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypopigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 621: What cancer presents with FOBT+ with negative colonoscopy? _____

Answer: Ampulla of vater

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 622: What are important alarm symptoms in suspected meningitis? (4) _____

Answer: Signs of elevated ICP FNDs AMS Immunocompromised

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 623: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth = _____ ↓ D-xylose urine levels

Answer: reversible

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 624: ↓ Dietary calcium = _____ risk of calcium oxalate stones

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 625: Suspected acute megacolon and cecal dilation to <12 cm may be treated with _____

Answer: NG tube and rectal tube insertion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 626: Patients with urinary frequency, nocturia, and hesitancy should undergo a(n) _____ to evaluate for hematuria (bladder cancer, stones) and infection

Answer: urinalysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 627: What is the diagnosis and how is it treated? _____

Answer: Lung abscess; antibiotics

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 628: Inflammation of subcutaneous fat → painful, erythematous nodules on the shins is suggestive of _____

Answer: erythema nodosum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 629: Which bacteria is associated with Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell patients? _____

Answer: Salmonella typhi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 630: Because of splenomegaly, patients with mononucleosis (EBV) are advised to avoid contact sports (e.g. football) for danger of splenic _____

Answer: rupture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 631: _____ is associated with risk of autosplenectomy

Answer: Sickle cell disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 632: What is the underlying pathophysiologic cause of Wernicke encephalopathy? _____

Answer: Thiamine (B1) deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 633: How does a pt. present with ascending cholangitis? (5) _____

Answer: RUQ pain, Murphys sign +, elevated enzymes, T > 104, leukocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 634: Secretory chronic diarrhea is typically caused by _____ tumors or persistent enterotoxic infection and presents with a(n) normal osmolar gap, no blood/mucous, no fecal fat, and no changes after NPO

Answer: hormone-secreting

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/chronic-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 635: A Chinese patient with persistent mid-epigastric abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, weight loss, and microcytic anemia raises concern for _____

Answer: gastric cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 636: What is the typical pain of GERD? _____

Answer: Burning retrosternal chest pain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 637: A patient with nocturnal headaches and morning vomiting are concerning for what? _____

Answer: Elevated ICP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 638: _____ is a rare complication of hepatopancreatic interventions that is characterized by hyperbilirubinemia, anemia, and leukocytosis

Answer: Hemobilia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 639: What is the management for suspected penile lichen sclerosus? _____

Answer: Biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 640: Osteoporosis in a person who has celiac disease is due to malabsorption of _____

Answer: vitamin D

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 641: Prevention of aspiration pneumonia may include raising _____

Answer: the head of the bed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 642: Chronic mesenteric ischemia presents with epigastric pain that occurs _____ eating

Answer: after

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 643: _____ is a complex of heterogeneous symptoms, including persistent abdominal pain and dyspepsia, that recur and persist after cholecystectomy

Answer: Postcholecystectomy syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 644: Common disease in men. Top of the head (the crown) begins to thin - eventually hair loss predominates. Dx? _ Pathology? _

Answer: Androgenic Alopecia (male pattern baldness) - largely cosmetic disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/alopecia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 645: GI bleeding and hemodynamic instability = _____ to localize and embolize

Answer: angiography

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 646: Lactose intolerance is characterized by a positive _____ breath test

Answer: hydrogen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 647: Aside from skin cancer, the highest incidence cancers are: ___ _ ___

Answer: Breast / prostate cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 648: GERD and dysphagia is managed with _____

Answer: endoscopy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 649: Constipation is managed with _____

Answer: lifestyle changes (high fiber diet, fluid, exercise)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 650: In addition to antibiotics, risk factors for C. difficile colitis include age > 65 and _____ use

Answer: PPI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 651: How does obstructive abdominal pain present? _____

Answer: Colicky (comes and goes) with contraction of lumen/localized near affected organ

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/abdominal-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 652: Once a diagnosis of gastric cancer is made via endoscopy, _ is used to help with TNM staging and _ is used to confirm the patient is a surgical candidate (r/o distant mets)

Answer: endoscopic US

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 653: Kidney stones are a common manifestation of pseudogout _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 654: Painless jaundice is seen in _____

Answer: pancreatic head tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 655: What is the likely diagnosis in a young, sexually active woman that presents with fever, sore throat, and lower abdominal pain? Physical exam reveals erythematous tonsils without exudates and non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy. _____

Answer: Gonococcal pharyngitis with pelvic inflammatory disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 656: What is the treatment for viral gastroenteritis? _____

Answer: Rehydration (PO preferred, IV if not possible) Loperamide

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 657: Diabetic neuropathy = _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 658: Classic triad: hematuria and flank pain and palpable mass = _____

Answer: renal cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 659: Granuloma inguinale = pain___ Chancroid = pain_ Chancre = pain___

Answer: less

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 660: Patients with spinal shock should get a(n) _____ to prevent acute urinary retention

Answer: foley catheter

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 661: _ that extends from the mouth to the esophagus is known as _, which is a(n) AIDS-defining illness

Answer: Candida albicans

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 662: Duodenal _____ may arise in elderly patients due to anti-coagulation, which allows formation of an intramural collection

Answer: hematoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 663: What is the likely diagnosis in a pregnant patient that develops encephalopathy, nystagmus, and gait ataxia after several days of hyperemesis gravidum? _____

Answer: Wernicke encephalopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 664: What is the recommended treatment for type I renal tubular acidosis? _____

Answer: Oral bicarbonate replacement

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 665: What is tx if dysplastic changes are seen on EGD? _____

Answer: Local ablation methods

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 666: What diagnosis should be suspected in patients with multiple duodenal ulcers refractory to treatment or ulcers distal to the duodenum? _____

Answer: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 667: How do you tx gallstone? _____

Answer: ERCP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 668: What is the likely diagnosis? _____

Answer: Seborrheic keratoses

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 669: Top three causes of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis? _____

Answer: Non-typeable H. influenza > S. pneumonia > Moraxella

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 670: Primary prophylaxis against toxoplasmosis is required in HIV patients with CD4 count <100/mm and with _____

Answer: positive Toxoplasma serology

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 671: What are risk factors for gallstones? _____

Answer: females, fat, forty, fertile, fnative american

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 672: Bleeding esophageal varices is managed with IVF, octreotide, and antibiotics followed by _____

Answer: endoscopic band ligation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 673: _____ may be used to treat acromegaly and gigantism if symptoms persist after trans-sphenoidal resection (to remove the adenoma)

Answer: Octreotide (somatostatin analog)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 674: Painless genital ulcer (chancre) is seen in _____

Answer: primary syphilis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 675: What is the likely diagnosis in an elderly woman with three months of neck, shoulder, and hip pain, morning stiffness, as well as malaise and weight loss? ESR is elevated and creatine kinase is normal. _____

Answer: Polymyalgia rheumatica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 676: What is the likely diagnosis in a young adult female with symmetric, migratory, polyarticular arthritis/arthalagias with brief morning stiffness? The patient also has painless oral ulcers and splenomegaly. Laboratory examination reveals pancytopenia, RBCs and proteinuria on urinalysis. _____

Answer: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 677: Gastric ulcers present with epigastric pain that _____ with meals and can therefore lead to weight loss

Answer: worsens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 678: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with extensive alcohol use who presents with severe retrosternal pain and subcutaneous emphysema after vomiting? _____

Answer: Esophageal perforation (Boerhaave syndrome)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 679: What is the initial steps in the management of irritable bowel syndrome? (2) _____

Answer: Loperamide Low FODMAP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/chronic-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 680: What type of abdominal pain is associated with sudden onset severe pain that is out of proportion to PE? _____

Answer: Ischemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/abdominal-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 681: Duodenal ulcers located in the _____ duodenum may rupture, leading to bleeding from the gastroduodenal artery

Answer: posterior

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 682: What is the likely diagnosis in a premenopausal woman that presents with dyspareunia and dry vaginal mucosa? The patient's history is significant for chronic dry eyes/mouth. _____

Answer: Sjögren's syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 683: Small fluid-containing blister < 1 cm = _____

Answer: vesicle

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 684: Patients with pernicious anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency need to be monitored for the development of what disease? _____

Answer: Gastric cancer (both intestinal and carcinoid can occur)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 685: Painful/tender thyroid with decreased iodine uptake is seen in _____

Answer: subacute (De Quervain) thyroiditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki "QuerVAIN in PAIN"

Flashcard 686: Adenovirus commonly causes viral _____ of the eye.

Answer: conjunctivitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 687: Does celiac disease affect the integrity or absorptive capacity of the small intestinal mucosa? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 688: What is the initial management for Ménière disease? _____

Answer: Lifestyle adjustments

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 689: What is the management for acute flares of rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: Glucocorticoids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 690: What viral testing should be offered to a patient with fever, generalized maculopapular rash, and generalized nontender lymphadenopathy? _____

Answer: HIV testing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 691: _____ conjuctivitis is characterized by burning, gritty sensation

Answer: Viral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 692: Bladder training, mirabegron and oxybutynin is used to treat _____ incontinence

Answer: urge

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 693: Acute (primary) HIV infection = diagnosed with _____

Answer: HIV RNA (viral load)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 694: Reactive artritis triad includes: _____

Answer: Conjunctivitis Urethritis Arthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 695: Bullous pemphigoid / pemphigus vulgaris is managed with _____

Answer: high potency steroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 696: The two megaloblastic anemias are ___ and _ and present with _ neutrophils due to impaired ___

Answer: folate deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 697: This formed after starting warfarin. What is it? _____

Answer: Rectus sheath hematoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 698: What are the recommendations for colorectal cancer screening? Adults older than _ strongly advised: _

Answer: 50

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 699: ≥ 30% skin blistering and erosion with mucous membrane involvement (usually associated with adverse drug reactions) is characteristic of _____

Answer: toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 700: What post-gastrectomy complication presents with GI symptoms and nutritional deficiency? _____

Answer: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 701: Acute gout may occur with _____, alcohol, or seafood consumption, which are rich in purines

Answer: red meat

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 702: History of CLL, acute left-sided abdominal pain and shock/anemia is suggestive of _____

Answer: atraumatic splenic rupture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 703: What is treatment for Legionnaires' disease? _____

Answer: Macrolide or fluoroquinolone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 704: What is the best test for Clostiridium difficile diarrhea? _____

Answer: NAAT Not the toxin assay nor colonoscopy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 705: How is megaloblastic anemia due to B12 vs. folate deficiency differentiated (symptom and molecule)? _____

Answer: B12 = neurological dysfunction; methylmalonic acid (MMA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/anemia-approach/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 706: Microscopic colitis is associated with _____, NSAIDs, PPIs, and SSRIs

Answer: smoking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 707: _____ is a bacterial infection of the bile ducts

Answer: Ascending cholangitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 708: What is the management for viral pharyngitis? _____

Answer: Supportive care only

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 709: HIV with CD4 < 100 and multiple ring-enhancing brain lesions = _____

Answer: toxoplasma gondii

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 710: C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) cannot have traces of occult blood _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 711: What can be done for screening of anal cancer in high risk pt's? _____

Answer: Anal pap

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/colorectal/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 712: Bladder outlet obstruction (e.g. BPH) → _____

Answer: 50 mL

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 713: Hyponatremia, low plasma osmolality (< 280) and low urine osmolality (< 250) is suggestive of _____

Answer: psychogenic polydispia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 714: Peri-anal "figure of 8" and white plaques = _____

Answer: lichen sclerosus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 715: All patients < 24 years old that are sexually active should be screened for what? _____

Answer: Chlamydia and gonorrhea

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 716: Asymptomatic sliding hiatal hernia is managed with _____

Answer: observation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki - if symptomatic, then manage symptoms (e.g. GERD with PPIs) - seen as a retrocardiac opacity with an air-fluid level

Flashcard 717: Which lab value is classically elevated in polymyalgia rheumatica? _____

Answer: ↑ ESR

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 718: Erythematous, non-itchy greasy plaques/scales including nasolabial folds is characteristic of _____

Answer: seborrheic dermatitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/papulosquamous/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 719: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with episodes of dysphagia, regurgitation, and chest pain with radiation to the back that is precipitated by emotional stress? _____

Answer: Diffuse esophageal spasm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 720: What is the cause of pernicious anemia? _____

Answer: Autoantibodies against gastric intrinsic factor or parietal cells

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 721: What is the underlying etiology behind most MALT lymphomas of the stomach? _____

Answer: H. pylori infection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 722: Metabolic acidosis is managed with checking the _____

Answer: anion gap

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 723: What is the treatment for an immunocompetent patient with suppurative sialadenitis? _____

Answer: Nafcillin and metronidazole

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 724: Cystic fibrosis may present with _____ polyps and nail clubbing

Answer: nasal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 725: Retrosternal burning pain (heartburn) that worsens at night / lying down and coughing/wheezing/hoarseness = _____

Answer: GERD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gerd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 726: Severe nutritional depletion is identified by: - ___% loss of body weight over a couple of months; - Serum _ < 3 - ___ to skin antigens - Serum transferrin < 200 mg/L

Answer: 20

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 727: Suspect _____ in a postmenopausal women/any man w/ an iron-def anemia or any aged pt. with change in stool caliber

Answer: colon cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 728: All patients with severe, ongoing _____ and altered mental status should be intubated for airway protection

Answer: hematemesis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 729: Hemolysis (sickle cell / thalassemia) = ↑ risk of _____

Answer: black pigment stones

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 730: _____ is a stage of syphilis that involves generalized lymphadenopathy, diffuse maculopapular rash that includes the palms and soles, and condyloma latum.

Answer: Secondary syphilis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 731: Where is perforation pain located? _____

Answer: Vague, generalized

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/abdominal-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 732: The flaccid paralysis in Clostridium botulinum is a(n) _____ paralysis

Answer: descending

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 733: What viral testing should be offered to a patient with skin rash, fever, arthralgias, lymphadenopathy, chronic diarrhea, and mucosal ulcerations? _____

Answer: HIV testing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 734: What is the most appropriate next step in management in a < 60 yo pt who presents w/ dyspepsia w/o sxs of GERD, NSAID use, or alarm sxs of malignancy or PUD? _____

Answer: Urea breath test

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 735: Bruton agammaglobulinemia and CVID is managed with _____

Answer: IVIg

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 736: Kidney stones, constipation and depression is suggestive of _____

Answer: hypercalcemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 737: What is the most common cause of hematochezia in patients with ESRD? _____

Answer: Angiodysplasia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 738: What is the next step in the evaluation of internal hemorrhoids with bright red bleeding in high risk individuals? _____

Answer: Colonoscopy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 739: Patients receiving parenteral nutrition are more likely to experience _____-glycemia than those with enteral nutrition

Answer: hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 740: What subtype of rosacea may present with dry eyes / burning sensation? _____

Answer: Ocular rosacea

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 741: TPN = _____ risk of gallstones

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 742: What is the likely diagnosis in a 30-year-old woman that presents with recurrent episodes of pneumonia and diarrhea over the past 3 years? History and physical exam are otherwise unremarkable. _____

Answer: Common variable immunodeficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 743: Large, singular ulcer = _____

Answer: H. Pylori

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 744: What is the ddx for malignant biliary obstruction? (4) _____

Answer: Cholangiocarcinoma Pancreatic carcinoma HCC Metastasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 745: What is the next best step in working up iron deficiency anemia in a male or post-menopausal female? _____

Answer: Colonoscopy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 746: HIV with CD4 < 50, high fever and watery diarrhea is suggestive of _____

Answer: MAC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 747: How do the following laboratory values typically change in patients with osteomalacia? Calcium: ___ Phosphate: _ Alkaline phosphatase: ___

Answer: decreased or normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 748: _-cell deficiencies = recurrent bacterial infections _-cell deficiencies produce fungal and viral infections

Answer: B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 749: Most common complication of peptic ulcer disease = _____

Answer: bleeding

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 750: - GERD first step in management = _ - GERD and alarm symptoms (weight loss, GI bleed) = _ - GERD and complications (stricture, Barrett's, refractory) = surgery (Nissen fundoplication)

Answer: PPI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gerd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 751: Elderly male with high post-void residual (PVR) with absent Achilles tendon reflex is most likely _____

Answer: BPH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 752: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with abdominal pain, dark urine, and hepatic vein thrombosis with evidence of hemolytic anemia on laboratory exam? _____

Answer: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 753: (+) Carnett sign (pain with abdominal contraction) is suggestive of _____

Answer: abdominal wall pain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 754: Urological imaging (e.g. CT) is used after _____ hours of unsuccessful treatment of pyelonephritis with antibiotics

Answer: 48-72

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 755: What test is used to diagnose common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)? _____

Answer: Quantitative measurement of serum immunoglobulins

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 756: What is the mechanism of urge and overflow incontinence in multiple sclerosis? _____

Answer: UMN demyelination ⇒ Spastic/Hypertonic bladder (urge incontinence); LMN demyelination → overflow incontinence

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 757: What is the prophylactic management against rabies for a patient with a pocket pet bite? _____

Answer: No treatment

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 758: _____ appears when paralytic ileus hasn't resolved in 5-7 days

Answer: Bowel obstruction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 759: A critically ill patient is found to have gallbladder wall thickening/distention and pericholecystic fluid without gallstones on imaging studies, what is likely the diagnosis? _____

Answer: Acalculous cholecystitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 760: First step if symptomatic spinal cord compression? _____

Answer: Dexamethasone (steroids)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 761: What is the next step in management of a patient with diverticulitis complicated by an abscess > 3 cm? _____

Answer: CT-guided percutaneous drainage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 762: What dietary habits decrease the risk of diverticulosis complications (e.g. hemorrhage, diverticulitis)? _____

Answer: High fiber intake

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 763: Treatment : Entamoeba (1) ___ (tissue) (2) _ or ___ (for cysts in lumen)

Answer: Metronidazole

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 764: What is the most common condition that causes chylous ascites? _____

Answer: Lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 765: Bleeding above the _____ = upper GI bleeding = dark red stools and hematemesis

Answer: ligament of Treitz

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 766: What is the next step in management of caustic ingestion, after decontamination? _____

Answer: CXR; Endoscopy within 24 hrs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 767: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with high-grade fever, cough, diarrhea, confusion, and hyponatremia? CXR reveals a right lower lobar infiltrate. _____

Answer: Legionella pneumoniae (Legionnaire's disease)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 768: What is seen in KUB with paralytic illeus? _____

Answer: Diffuse enlargement of small and large bowel

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 769: What are the B/T cell counts in CGD? _____

Answer: Normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 770: Postprandial fullness, early satiety and epigastric pain or burning are symptoms of _____

Answer: dyspepsia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 771: In addition to the Charcot triad, ascending cholangitis may also present with _____

Answer: AMS and shock

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 772: In an elderly patient without overt signs of bleeding, _____ is the most likely cause of iron deficiency anemia and a diagnostic colonoscopy should be performed

Answer: occult chronic GI bleeding

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 773: What test/imaging study is used for diagnosis of acute diverticulitis? _____

Answer: CT scan (oral and IV contrast)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 774: What is the most severe complication of pseudomembranous colitis? _____

Answer: Toxic megacolon

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 775: Eosinophilic esophagitis may present with an inability to tolerate _____

Answer: liquids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 776: How is nephrolithiasis managed? Stone < 5 mm: _____ and pain control

Answer: hydration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 777: Giardia disrupts microvilli on enterocytes, leading to significant malabsorption (e.g. _____ intolerance and fatty acid malabsorption)

Answer: lactose

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 778: IVDU with symmetric, descending neurologic deficits, respiratory compromise, autonomic dysfunction +/- fever/leukocytosis is suggestive of _____

Answer: wound botulism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 779: The most deadly cancers are: ___ _ ___

Answer: Lung cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 780: Stones ≥ _____ mm are unlikely to pass and may warrant lithotripsy

Answer: 10

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 781: What is tx if metaplastic changes are seen on EGD? _____

Answer: High-dose PPI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 782: Diuretics/vomiting/diarrhea = _____

Answer: hypokalemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 783: What is the diagnostic test of choice for spinal epidural abscess? _____

Answer: MRI of the spine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 784: Cause of hyperclotting in the elderly? _____

Answer: Cancer especially pancreatic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 785: Diverticulitis with a large diverticulum may present with a(n) _____ on DRE

Answer: tender palpable mass

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 786: Acute abdomen caused by: Constant, generalized, severe pain & unmoving patient= _ Colicky pain, moving patient = _

Answer: perforation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 787: Osmotic chronic diarrhea is typically caused by _____ and presents with a(n) ↑ osmolar gap, no blood/mucous, + fecal fat, and improvement after NPO

Answer: malabsorption

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/chronic-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 788: Epstein-Barr Virus is associated with fever, _ _ lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, and hepatosplenomegaly

Answer: posterior

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 789: _____ presents with fever and foul-smelling, watery diarrhea

Answer: Pseudomembranous colitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 790: What is done in pts suspected of Ogilvie syndrome to rule out cancer and decompress the abdomen? _____

Answer: Colonoscopy and rectal tube

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 791: GAS Pharyngitis will present with _ chain lymphadenopathy, while EBV will have _ chain lymphadenopathy

Answer: anterior

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 792: What type of primary headache is associated with chronic analgesic use? _____

Answer: Analgesic Rebound HA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 793: Urge incontinence and 3 cm fibroid - what is causing the incontinence? _____

Answer: Detrusor instability

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 794: Which blistering skin disorder presents as itchy papules/vesicles that are grouped on extensor surfaces (e.g. knees, elbows)? _____

Answer: Dermatitis herpetiformis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 795: Rapid-onset virilization - evaluate an androgen-secreting tumor of _ or _ origin

Answer: ovarian

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 796: Alcoholic neuropathy is a toxic neuropathy that typically results in a symmetric distal polyneuropathy with _____ type pain

Answer: burning

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 797: Red blood in stool is managed with _____

Answer: NG tube

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 798: Following splenectomy, should an adult receive daily antibiotic prophylaxis? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 799: _____ presents with unilateral testicular pain, dysuria, fever/chills, and a scrotal mass; and is caused by E. coli in old people and STDs in young dudes

Answer: Epididymitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/uro-misc/acquire?ref=anki Therefore get NAAT for GC/CT

Flashcard 800: How does a Mallory-Weiss tear present? _____

Answer: Bright red bleeding which resolves spontaneously

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 801: A patient with difficulty swallowing due to food stuck substernally for 12 hours likely has _____

Answer: food impaction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 802: Bulimia nervosa is characterized by electrolyte disturbances and metabolic _____

Answer: alkalosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/eating-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 803: Small bowel obstruction is characterized by _____-active bowel sounds initially

Answer: hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 804: (+) Chlamydia and (-) gonorrhea with PCR testing is managed with _____

Answer: treat chlamydia only

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 805: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with melena and epigastric abdominal pain that is relieved with eating? _____

Answer: Peptic ulcer disease (duodenal ulcer)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 806: What antibiotic should be started for patients with a first recurrence of C. difficile colitis? _____

Answer: Oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 807: CENTOR criteria in adults: < 1: ___ _-_: _ > _: ___

Answer: no testing / treatment

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 808: Progressive solid dysphagia and chronic heartburn is suggestive of _____

Answer: peptic stricture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 809: At which age is screening for colorectal cancer recommended in adults? _____

Answer: ≥ 50 q10y or 10 years prior to the age of diagnosis of an affected first-degree relative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 810: Wernicke encephalopathy typically manifests as a triad of ___, _, and ___

Answer: encephalopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 811: Below is a patient with _____

Answer: lichen planus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/papulosquamous/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 812: Lithium use, chronic bladder discomfort, increased urinary frequency, dyspareunia and negative leukocyte esterase is suggestive of _____

Answer: interstitial cystitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 813: Risk factors for _____ gallstones may be remembered with the "4 F's": Fat Female (estrogen increases activity of HMG-CoA reductase) Fertile (pregnant) Forty

Answer: cholesterol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 814: What 3 tumors can present w/ painless jaundice, palpable GB, and weight loss? _____

Answer: Pancreatic (adeno from head), cholangiocarcinoma, ampulla of vater

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 815: Japanese person with epigastric pain, weight loss and iron deficiency anemia is suggestive of _____

Answer: gastric cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 816: What is the most significant environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer? _____

Answer: Smoking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 817: Primary syphilis is characterized by a(n) _ _ chancre

Answer: painless

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 818: BPH = pain_ prostatitis = pain_

Answer: less

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 819: What post surgical complication would you worry about with the BUN > 100? _____

Answer: Platelet dysfunction and bleeding

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 820: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth may be diagnosed via carbohydrate (lactulose) breath testing or _____ aspirate/culture

Answer: jejunal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 821: Acute cholecystitis presents with RUQ pain that often radiates to the _____

Answer: right shoulder/scapula

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 822: What pathology classically presents with periumbilical abdominal pain out of proportion to PE findings? _____

Answer: Acute mesenteric ischemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 823: Hyper-IgM syndrome results in recurrent _____ infections, such as Pneumocystis, Cryptosporidium, CMV, Histoplasmosis, and Hepatitis

Answer: opportunistic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 824: GERD first step in management is managed with _ GERD confirmatory diagnosis is managed with _ GERD alarm symptoms is managed with endoscopy (for biopsy) GERD and complications (stricture, Barrett's, refractory) is managed with surgery (fundoplication)

Answer: PPI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 825: What is the initial step in management of dumping syndrome? _____

Answer: Dietary modification

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 826: Current blood glucose is a product of prior _____ dose

Answer: insulin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/insulin-management/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 827: _____: adults with hepatic cysts, berry aneurysms, diverticulitis/diverticulosis and MVP

Answer: ADPKD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 828: Acute cholecystitis typically presents with a triad of fever, leukocytosis, and sudden RUQ or _ pain with radiation to the shoulder or _

Answer: epigastric

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 829: MCC of epididymitis in < 35 yo = _ MCC of epididymitis in > 35 yo = _

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 830: Primary care providers should screen women who have family members with, breast, ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancer; for they might have what potentially harmful mutation(s): _____

Answer: BRCA1 or BRCA2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 831: What level of random blood glucose is diagnostic of T2DM? _____

Answer: ≥ 200 mg/dL

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/outpatient-diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 832: Recent infection, subacute fever, abdominal/flank pain radiating to groin and pain with hip extension is suggestive of _____

Answer: psoas abscess

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 833: Paralytic ileus can occur after abdominal surgery, but also after _ (e.g. retroperitoneal hemorrhage) and _ imbalances (hypokalemia)

Answer: trauma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 834: Acute diarrhea < _ weeks Chronic diarrhea > _ weeks

Answer: 2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 835: RDW is low in iron deficiency anemia _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 836: HIV with CD4 < 50 and bloody diarrhea = _____

Answer: Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 837: _____ pneumonia is characterized by foul-smelling sputum

Answer: Aspiration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 838: Painless genital ulcers and tender inguinal lymphadenopathy is seen in _____

Answer: lymphogranuloma venereum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 839: White plaques (that can be scrapped off), dysphagia and HIV positive is managed with _____

Answer: oral fluconazole

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 840: Which pathogen responsible for acute diarrhea presents with myalgias, malaise, and nausea/vomiting? _____

Answer: Viral gastroenteritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 841: All patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis should be screened for _____

Answer: occult malignancy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 842: What is the likely diagnosis in a homeless patient that presents with confusion, epigastric pain, and blurred vision? Laboratory studies reveal anion gap metabolic acidosis. _____

Answer: Methanol poisoning

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/toxic-ingestion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 843: How does SBO initially present? _____

Answer: colicky abdominal pain w/ +gas/stool and borborygmi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 844: Anorexia can lead to secondary _____

Answer: osteoporosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 845: Orbital cellulitis is most commonly caused by bacterial spread from _ or _ sinusitis

Answer: ethmoidal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 846: What is the likely diagnosis in an elderly man with dysphagia, regurgitation, halitosis, and aspiration? _____

Answer: Zenker's diverticulum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 847: _____ is a biliary disease that involves the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct

Answer: Choledocholithiasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 848: The primary inciting event of acute cholecystitis is typically a gallstone obstructing the _____, with subsequent inflammation and infection

Answer: cystic duct

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 849: UTI with sterile pyuria suggests _____ due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Answer: urethritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 850: _____ = atypical lymphocytes and positive monospot test

Answer: EBV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 851: Which fluid replacement therapeutic is often the standard maintenance fluid? _____ with the 100/50/20 rule.

Answer: D5 1/2 normal saline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 852: What head and neck infection is characterized by trismus, muffled voice, and deviation of the uvula on physical exam? _____

Answer: Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 853: Purpuric rash on legs, abdominal pain and arthralgia following URI = _____

Answer: IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein purpura)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 854: Acute diverticulitis is managed with _____

Answer: antibiotics

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 855: - Male child with recurrent sinopulmonary (otitis media, pneumonia) and GI infections after 6 months - No mature B cells → absence of lymphoid tissue and immunoglobuins _____

Answer: Bruton disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia); IVIg replacement

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 856: Treatment for urgency incontinence includes anti-muscarinics and _____ training (e.g. timed voiding, distraction, or relaxation techniques)

Answer: bladder

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 857: Empirical therapy with PPIs is indicated only in patients with dyspepsia, heart burn and _____

Answer: regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 858: Ocular symptoms differentiate allergic rhinitis with vasomotor rhinitis (nonallergic rhinitis) _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 859: Is primary prophylaxis against CMV recommended for patients with HIV? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 860: What is the most common type of kidney stones? _____

Answer: Calcium oxalate stones

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 861: Signs of recurrent UTIs, painful ejaculation and transient improvement with antibiotics is suggestive of _____

Answer: chronic bacterial prostatitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/uro-misc/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 862: Hiatal hernias with a long history of GERD is assessed with a barium swallow followed by a(n) _____

Answer: EGD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 863: Angioinvasive aspergillosis occurs due to Aspergillus fumigatus infection in the immuno-_____

Answer: compromised

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 864: Hematochezia is usually pathognomonic of _ GI bleeding, but can also be found in patients with heavy _ GI bleeding

Answer: lower

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 865: One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is _____ anemia, which is characterized by lack of intrinsic factor

Answer: pernicious

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 866: CA-125 has high specificity in premenopausal women _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 867: Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia is managed with _____

Answer: endoscopic mucosal resection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 868: What imaging modality is used to confirm a diagnosis of duodenal hematoma? _____

Answer: Abdominal CT

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 869: HIV + retinitis and esophagitis/colitis = _____

Answer: CMV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 870: _____ may cause a generalized lymphadenopathy

Answer: Infectious mononucleosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 871: Goals of treatment for DKA include: IV ___ (restore blood volume) IV _ (restore glucose and stop ketogenesis) Replace [___] if < 5.2

Answer: fluids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/diabetic-emergencies/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 872: Recurrent RUQ/epigastric pain with ↑ AST/ALT/ALP without stones visualized and worsened with opioids is suggestive of _____

Answer: sphincter of oddi dysfunction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/pancreatitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 873: Diagnosis in pt who is jaundiced/pruitus with palpable nontender GB? _____

Answer: Cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 874: The Charcot triad for acute cholangitis consists of: _____

Answer: Fever Jaundice RUQ pain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 875: How are _____ patients prone to aspiration of oropharyngeal anaerobic bacteria? Swallowing dysfunction

Answer: Parkinson's disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 876: _____ presents in adults

Answer: CVID

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 877: ↓ [Na] and ↑↑ proteins/lipids = _____

Answer: pseudohyponatremia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 878: _____ incontinence is due to an overactive bladder due to detrusor muscle hyperactivity

Answer: Urge

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 879: What is the treatment for Campylobacter gastroenteritis? _____

Answer: Symptomatic care

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 880: What is tx of colon cancer? _____

Answer: Resection and chemotherapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/colorectal/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 881: What are PE findings in a pt. with acute cholecystitis? _____

Answer: Constant RUQ abd pain accompanied by mild fever/leukocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 882: When is an EGD done for GERD? _____

Answer: Only when PPIs fail/there are alarm symptoms

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 883: Hypergastrinemia (i.e. gastrinoma) is most likely caused by _____

Answer: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 884: A patient with a history of recent ciprofloxacin treatment and watery diarrhea, should raise suspicion of _____

Answer: pseudomembranous colitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 885: Intermittent solid food dysphagia and history of atopy is suggestive of _____

Answer: eosinophilic esophagitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 886: _ is the test of choice for diagnosing diverticulitis while it can be followed up with _ to assess the extent of diverticulitis and rule out malignancy

Answer: Abdominal CT with oral and IV contrast

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/diverticula/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 887: Hyperglycemia in a malnourished, elderly patient with bitemporal wasting is highly suggestive of _____

Answer: pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 888: What is the recommended treatment for lice or scabies? (2) _____

Answer: Topical permethrin & oral ivermectin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 889: What acid-base disturbance is classically found in patients with laxative abuse? _____

Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 890: Uric acid kidney stones are often seen in diseases with increased _____ (e.g. leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders)

Answer: cell turnover

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 891: What is the likely diagnosis in an elderly patient with chronic constipation, LLQ abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis? _____

Answer: Acute diverticulitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 892: AIDS is diagnosed through a CD4 count < _____ or AIDS-defining infection

Answer: 200

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 893: What is the next best step in evaluating hypovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia? _____

Answer: Measure urine Na+

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 894: What head and neck infection is characterized by trismus, muffled voice, and deviation of the uvula on physical exam? _____

Answer: Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/upper-airway/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 895: Which genital infection is characterized by small, painless ulcers that can progress to painful inguinal lymphadenopathy (buboes)? _____

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis L1-L3 (lymphogranuloma venereum)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 896: Where is referred pain for acute cholecystitis? _____

Answer: Right shoulder/scapula

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 897: Diabetes, gallstones, steatorrhea and hypochlorhydria is suggestive of _____

Answer: somatostatinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 898: _____ causes of chest pain = non-exertional, lasting > 1 hour, postprandial symptoms, associated heartburn/dysphagia, and relieved by antireflux therapy

Answer: GI/esophageal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 899: What is the next step after an endoscopic biopsy is positive for gastric adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: CT scan of abdomen/pelvis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 900: Post-op ileus and paralysis are symptoms of _____

Answer: hypokalemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 901: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient status-post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery who presents with abdominal bloating, diarrhea, and macrocytic anemia? _____

Answer: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 902: Euvolemic hypernatremia is managed with administer _____

Answer: D5W drip

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 903: The foul-smelling diarrhea seen in a(n) Giardia infection is due to _____

Answer: steatorrhea* (fatty diarrhea)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 904: In patients on _____ or prolonged fasting, the normal stimulus for CCK release and gallbladder contraction is absent causing gallbladder stasis

Answer: total parenteral nutrition

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 905: What is the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in adults? _____

Answer: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 906: What associated symptoms are sometimes present in REM sleep behavior disorder? _____

Answer: Parkinsonism (e.g. changes in gait, anosmia, constipation) REM sleep behavior disorder may be a prodromal sign of neurodegeneration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 907: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with fever, sore throat, drooling, and muffled voice? The bilateral submandibular area is tender and indurated with palpable crepitus. _____

Answer: Ludwig angina

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 908: _____ is a paralytic ileus of the colon that occurs in elderly pts immobilized post-op

Answer: Ogilvie syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 909: What is a superficial mucosal tear of esophagus that occurs after forceful retching, usually at GE junction? _____

Answer: Mallory-Weiss tear

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 910: If gonorrhea/chlamydia is suspected, then treat _____

Answer: empirically

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 911: Conus medullaris syndrome has a(n) _____ onset of bowel/bladder dysfunction compared to cauda equina syndrome

Answer: earlier

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 912: MS can lead to urge incontinence due to detrusor muscle _activity MS can lead to overflow incontinence due to detrusor muscle _activity

Answer: hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 913: Patient presents with painful blue fingers/toes and hemolytic anemia _____

Answer: Cold agglutinin disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 914: Non-tender, distended gallbladder (Courvoisier sign) is suggestive of _____

Answer: pancreatic head tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 915: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is associated with increased risk of breast, _____, and gynecologic cancers

Answer: GI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 916: GERD and metaplasia is managed with _ GERD and dysplasia is managed with _

Answer: high dose PPI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gerd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 917: _____ is characterized by insulin resistance

Answer: T2DM

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/insulin-management/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 918: Osteoporosis most commonly presents with _ and is diagnosed with a(n) _

Answer: vertebral body compression fractures

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 919: A painless penile lesion followed by suppurative lymphadenopathy is suggestive of _____

Answer: lymphogranuloma venereum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 920: In patients with SCD, osteomyelitis is most commonly caused by _____ species

Answer: Salmonella

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 921: Smoking history and cervical adenopathy + referred ear pain = _____

Answer: SCC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 922: “_____” refers to a spectrum of epigastric symptoms, including heartburn, “indigestion,” bloating, and epigastric pain/discomfort

Answer: Dyspepsia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 923: Diarrhea, cutaneous flushing and wheezing is suggestive of _____

Answer: carcinoid tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 924: Brisk painless bleed due to abnormally exposed gastric arteriole = _____

Answer: dieulafoy's lesion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 925: What is the likely diagnosis in an obese woman with an erythematous plaques involving the skin folds (e.g. breasts, inguinal, gluteal, axillary) along with satellite lesions? _____

Answer: Intertrigo (most commonly due to Candida)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 926: Localized pruritic erythematous rash after contact/ingestion of allergen is most likely _____

Answer: contact dermatitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/eczematous-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 927: Can Lynch syndrome be treated with prophylactic proctocolectomy? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 928: What is the treatment for Dry Macular Degeneration? _____

Answer: None

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/adult-ophtho/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 929: Vitamin A deficiency may cause night blindness, but it would typically present with _____ and Bitot's spots

Answer: keratomalacia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 930: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) is most common in _____ with CD4 counts < 50

Answer: HIV patients

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 931: What is the recommended treatment for Wernicke encephalopathy? _____

Answer: Thiamine prior to or along with glucose administration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 932: Why can people with chronic diarrhea develop uric acid stones? _____

Answer: ↓ pH and ↓ urine volume aka Acidic and concentrated urine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 933: Sciatica is most commonly caused by a(n) _____

Answer: herniated disc

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 934: Why might a person with BPH have gram (-) rods in his urine? _____

Answer: BPH predisposes to UTIs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 935: What is treatment for the following types of bloody diarrhea? EHEC: _ Shigella: _

Answer: supportive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 936: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) due to fibrotic stricture typically presents with _____

Answer: bilious vomiting

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/ibd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 937: Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K) is usually: _ in men _ in women

Answer: symptomatic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 938: Well-demarcated, erythematous lesions and silvery-white scaling plaques on extensor surfaces= _____

Answer: psoriasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/papulosquamous/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 939: What is the triad of Felty syndrome? _____

Answer: Rheumatoid Arthritis Splenomegaly Neutropenia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 940: - Cough and congestion lasting > 10 days - Symptoms are severe (fever > 102, purulent mucus for > 3 days) - Symptoms worsen after initial improvement _____

Answer: Bacterial rhinosinusitis; oral antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanate)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 941: Sickle cell hemolysis = _____ deficiency = macrocytic anemia

Answer: folate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 942: What is the most likely diagonsis in an elderly patient who presents with fatigue/conjunctival pallor and use of aspirin/NSAIDs? _____

Answer: Iron deficiency anemia secondary to blood loss

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 943: _____ rhinitis is an upper airway pathology that occurs in patients >20 years old

Answer: Nonallergic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 944: Which type of esophageal cancer is associated with GERD, Barrett's esophagus, and obesity? _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 945: What is the most common cause of sore throat? _____

Answer: Viral pathogens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 946: Euvolemic hyponatremia with UOsm > 100 and urine Na > 40 is most likely _____, hypothyroidism, or glucocorticoid deficiency

Answer: SIADH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 947: Colorectal cancer screenings start at what age: _____

Answer: 45-years-old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki USPSTF Recommendations : - Grade A: For adults aged 50 to 75 years. - Grade B: For adults aged 45 to 49 years.

Flashcard 948: Colorectal cancer screening for adults older than 50: - FOBT: q___ - Sigmoidoscopy: q5 years with FOBT q_y - Colonoscopy: q___ years

Answer: annually

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 949: Below is a patient with _____

Answer: shingles

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 950: What is the likely underlying etiology in a patient with bronchiectasis predominantly in the upper lobe and sputum cultures positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa? _____

Answer: Cystic fibrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/lower-airway/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 951: Treatment for lichen planus? _____

Answer: Topical steroids are the mainstay of therapy (but should be continued long-term) + UV light is used as an adjunct (as opposed to psoriasis where it's more effective)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/papulosquamous/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 952: What digestive enzyme may be elevated in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia? _____

Answer: Amylase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 953: Autoimmune disease and a constellation of shock, abdominal pain, and fever directly after surgery are suggestive of _____

Answer: adrenal crisis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 954: If someone has: - bloody diarrhea - diarrhea lasting more than 3-7 days - immunocompromised - evidence of systemic disease or severe dehydration _____

Answer: Get bacterial stool cultures

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 955: Foodborne botulism in adults is associated with ingestion of improperly canned foods and aged _____

Answer: seafood (e.g. cured fish)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 956: Patient presents with rapidly progressive limb weakness that ascends following GI/URT infection _____

Answer: Guillain-Barré syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 957: Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include headache that is worse in the _____, nausea/vomiting, and mental status changes

Answer: morning

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 958: Patients with _____ GI bleeding often have an elevated blood urea nitrogen

Answer: upper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 959: What is pt. presentation in Boerhaave? _____

Answer: Fever Leukocytosis Hamman's crunch (air in mediastinum heard with each heartbeat)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 960: What is the colonoscopy screening recommendation for patients with Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)? _____

Answer: Begin at age 20-25; repeat every 1-2 years

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 961: What is bird's beak deformity indicative of on barium swallow? _____

Answer: Achalasia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 962: Most common cause of 1° hyperparathyroidism is _____

Answer: parathyroid adenoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 963: Adynamic ileus occurs when small bowel motility is disrupted and only develops after exposure to an insult that "stuns" the bowel, such as _ or _

Answer: recent intra-abdominal surgery

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 964: Acute leukemia may present acutely with nonspecific symptoms (e.g. bone pain) and _____, thrombocytopenia, and/or neutropenia

Answer: anemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 965: Transplant patient has bloody diarrhea and multiple, large shallow ulcers on colonoscopy is suggestive of _____

Answer: CMV colitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 966: Back pain and relieved by passing stool = _____

Answer: constipation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 967: Iron deficiency anemia in the elderly is assumed to be from _____ until proven otherwise

Answer: GI blood loss

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 968: GERD first step in management is managed with _ GERD confirmatory diagnosis is managed with _ GERD alarm symptoms is managed with endoscopy (for biopsy) GERD and complications (stricture, Barrett's, refractory) is managed with surgery (fundoplication)

Answer: PPI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 969: Patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome should be screened for what inherited disorder? _____

Answer: MEN1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 970: Lymphoma = _____ lymphadenopathy

Answer: painless

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 971: Esophageal dysphagia to both solids and liquids indicates a(n) _____

Answer: motilitly disorder

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 972: _____

Answer: C

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 973: Which form of dysphagia, is characterized by coughing, choking, or nasal regurgitation on swallowing? _____

Answer: Oropharyngeal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 974: _____ is caused by occlusion of folliculopilosebaceous units

Answer: Hidradenitis suppurativa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 975: What is the underlying cause of fat malabsorption in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? _____

Answer: pancreatic enzyme inactivation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 976: Post-URI, acute-onset, constant vertigo, N/V, (-) hearing loss = _ Post-URI, acute-onset, constant vertigo, N/V, (+) hearing loss = _

Answer: vestibular neuritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 977: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Male)?

Answer: From 0 to 15 mm/hr

Flashcard 978: What is the normal range of Chloride (Cl-), serum?

Answer: From 95 to 105 mEq/L

Flashcard 979: What is the normal range of Phosphorus (inorganic), serum?

Answer: From 3.0 to 4.5 mg/dL

Flashcard 980: What is the normal range of Prolactin, serum (hPRL)?

Answer: From 0 to 20 ng/mL

Flashcard 981: What is the normal range of Ferritin, serum (Female)?

Answer: From 12 to 150 ng/mL

Flashcard 982: What is the normal range of IgE, serum?

Answer: From 0 to 380 IU/mL

Flashcard 983: What is the normal range of IgA, serum?

Answer: From 76 to 390 mg/dL

Flashcard 984: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Leukocyte count?

Answer: From 4500 to 11000 /mm3

Flashcard 985: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration?

Answer: From 31 to 36 % Hb/cell

Flashcard 986: What is the normal range of Proteins, serum: Total (recumbent)?

Answer: From 6.0 to 7.8 g/dL

Flashcard 987: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Erythrocyte count (Male)?

Answer: From 4.3 to 5.9 million/mm3

Flashcard 988: 46 y/o man comes with recurrent nosebleeds. -Patient has history of alcohol abuse & chronic mental illness. -He has been placed in homeless shelter on multiple occasions -Physical exam: swollen gum, scattered ecchymoses, hyperkeratosis. -He also has chronic ulcer on left lower extremity that does not appear to be infected. -Which mechanisms accounts for this patient's examination findings?

Answer: Abnormal proline hydroxylation due to vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) In children, vit. C def. could present with bony deformities in addition to bleeding.

Flashcard 989: A 79 y/o woman comes with difficulty walking due to fatigue & bilateral leg pain. -She also has pain in the muscles of thighs, about 3 weeks ago. -She has noted red spots on her legs. -Patient lived alone since her husband died 3 years ago & is largely homebound. -Her diet consist of mostly bread and canned meat products. -Physical exam: gums are swollen and tender. -Imaging studies: Tibial subperiosteal hematoma -Skin finding: What nutrition deficiency is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?

Answer: Vitamin C deficiency (Ascorbic acid).

Flashcard 990: A 42 y/o man comes with numbness and tingling in both legs and difficulty walking for the past several months. -Physical exam: Mucosal pallor, loss of vibration and position sensation in the bilateral lower extremities with gait ataxia. -Which of the following findings is most likely to be present upon further questioning of the patient?

Answer: Strict vegan diet for the past 6 years. due to vitamin B12 deficiency, very common among strict vegeterian. Anemia with neurological symptoms, due to methymalonyl acid build up in the neurons & impaired myelin synthesis.

Flashcard 991: What are the following associated with in relation to B12 deficiency? -Ongoing treatment for latent TB. -Strict vegan diet for the last 6 years. -Total gastrectomy 8 months ago. -Use of an anti-epileptic drug for the past 6 months. -Working indoors most of the time.

Answer: Ongoing tx for latent TB: Isoniazid, could present with B6 deficiency, (sideroblastic anemia with dermatitis) -Strict vegan diet for the last 6 years: B12 deficiency. -Total gastrectomy 8 month ago: will end up developing B12 deficiency but it will take years not months if not given proper vitamin. -Use of anti-epileptic drug for the past 6 months: Phenytoin, it could cause folate (B9) deficiency which lead to megaloblastic anemia without neurological symptoms. -Working indoors most of the time: will lead to vitamin D deficiency. Rickets in children & osteoporosis in adults.

Flashcard 992: Vitamin E deficiency may cause muscle _____

Answer: weakness

Flashcard 993: What type of anemia is seen with vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?_____

Answer: Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

Flashcard 994: Bladder outlet obstruction is associated with _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Flashcard 995: Neurogenic bladder is associated with _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Flashcard 996: What is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world? _____

Answer: Iron deficiency

Flashcard 997: _____ incontinence is characterized by leakage with overfilling of the bladder

Answer: Overflow

Flashcard 998: Which immunodeficiency is associated with an absent cutaneous reaction to Candida antigens due to T-cell dysfunction? _____

Answer: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Flashcard 999: Benign prostatic hyperplasia may present with problems starting and stopping _____

Answer: urination

Flashcard 1000: Benign prostatic hyperplasia may present with impaired _____ emptying

Answer: bladder

Flashcard 1001: Gout may occur secondary to _____ insufficiency, due to decreased ability to excrete uric acid

Answer: renal

Flashcard 1002: What syndrome is caused by a faulty urothelium, resulting in dysuria, urinary urgency, and urinary frequency?_____

Answer: Interstitial Cystitis

Flashcard 1003: What vitamin deficiency has similar neurologic presentation to B12 deficiency but lacks megaloblastic anemia? _____

Answer: Vitamin E deficiency

Flashcard 1004: _____ is a spasm of the musculature of the cardia or epicardia that may produce partial or complete obstruction to the passage of food into the stomach.

Answer: Cardiospasm

Flashcard 1005: What is the treatment for sideroblastic anemia?_____

Answer: Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

Flashcard 1006: What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in the elderly (Western world)? _____

Answer: Colon polyps/carcinoma

Flashcard 1007: What gender is more commonly affected by myasthenia gravis? _____

Answer: Females

Flashcard 1008: What change in bowel movement is associated with pellagra (B3 deficiency)? _____

Answer: Diarrhea

Flashcard 1009: Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency presents with _____, macular dermatitis, mental status changes, enteritis, and lactic acidosis

Answer: alopecia

Flashcard 1010: What gender is more commonly affected by autoimmune disease? _____

Answer: Females

Flashcard 1011: Acute prostatitis often presents with _____ and fever/chills

Answer: dysuria

Flashcard 1012: Angiodysplasia classically presents as _____ in an older adult

Answer: hematochezia

Flashcard 1013: Which animal is the most common carrier of rabies virus (rhabdovirus) in developing countries?_____

Answer: Dogs

Flashcard 1014: What is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?_____

Answer: Pernicious anemia

Flashcard 1015: Scurvy is associated with "_____" hair and loosening of the teeth

Answer: corkscrew

Flashcard 1016: Thalassemia is an inherited mutation that protects carriers against _____ malaria

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 1017: What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in the elderly (developing world)? _____

Answer: Hookworm infection

Flashcard 1018: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by no B-cell differentiation into plasma cells? _____

Answer: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

Flashcard 1019: Chronic prostatitis presents as dysuria with pelvic or _____ pain

Answer: low back

Flashcard 1020: CVID is associated with low immunoglobulin levels due to decreased _____ cells

Answer: plasma

Flashcard 1021: Single or multiple small (localized) Molluscum contagiosum infection in adults is most commonly due to _____ infection

Answer: sexually-transmitted

Flashcard 1022: One risk of passive immunotherapy is IgE production and anaphylaxis, especially in patients with selective _____ deficiency

Answer: IgA

Flashcard 1023: A patient with acute prostatitis may have a tender, '_____' prostate on DRE

Answer: boggy

Flashcard 1024: DIC typically presents with _____ platelet count

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1025: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often presents in _____ (age group) as an enlarging lymph node or an extranodal mass

Answer: late adulthood

Flashcard 1026: Patients with diffuse esophageal spasm typically present with _____ solid / liquid dysphagia

Answer: intermittent

Flashcard 1027: One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is _____ (e.g. sprue, enteritis)

Answer: malabsorption

Flashcard 1028: What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in male adults (20-50 years old)? _____

Answer: Peptic ulcer disease

Flashcard 1029: _____ effects of blastomycosis typically occur when patients are in an immunocompromised state

Answer: Systemic

Flashcard 1030: Lichen planus often presents on the wrists, elbows, and _____ mucosa

Answer: oral

Flashcard 1031: Does eosinophilic esophagitis respond to GERD therapy (e.g. PPIs)?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1032: Is TMP-SMX the 1st line for acute prostatitis?_____

Answer: No*

Flashcard 1033: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by absent B cells in peripheral blood? _____

Answer: X-linked (Bruton) agammaglobulinemia

Flashcard 1034: How does cystic fibrosis affect K+ levels? _____

Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)

Flashcard 1035: The first line treatment for Irritable bowel syndrome is lifestyle modification and increased dietary _____

Answer: fiber

Flashcard 1036: Sjogren syndrome classically presents with _____, known as xerostomia

Answer: dry mouth

Flashcard 1037: Dermatomyositis can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: adenocarcinomas

Flashcard 1038: Which cause of genital ulceration presents with painless red genital ulcer that bleeds on contact?_____

Answer: Granuloma inguinale/donovanosis (Klebsiella granulomatis)

Flashcard 1039: Inflammation of the lips with scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth is known as _____

Answer: cheilosis

Flashcard 1040: What is the the treatment for a glucagonoma?_____

Answer: Octreotide (somatostatin analog) or surgery

Flashcard 1041: _____ presents with chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain associated with "tender points"

Answer: Fibromyalgia

Flashcard 1042: Sjogren syndrome is associated with increased risk for _____, which presents as unilateral enlargement of the parotid gland late in the disease course

Answer: MALT lymphoma

Flashcard 1043: Sjogren syndrome may present with recurrent _____

Answer: dental caries

Flashcard 1044: Is reactive arthritis characterized by sterile or septic synovial fluid? _____

Answer: Sterile

Flashcard 1045: Prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency causes irreversible _____ damage

Answer: nerve

Flashcard 1046: The main symptomatic difference between cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and henoch-schonlein purpura is a lack of _____ symptoms

Answer: gastrointestinal

Flashcard 1047: _____ ulcers (gastric or duodenal) should be biopsied at the margins to rule out malignancy

Answer: Gastric

Flashcard 1048: Disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of mucosal bleeding, such as _____ (most common overall symptom)

Answer: epistaxis

Flashcard 1049: What is the presentation of intestinal Taenia solium and saginata infection?_____

Answer: Generally asymptomatic

Flashcard 1050: Growth hormone excess is most often due to a _____

Answer: growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma

Flashcard 1051: Good Syndrome refers to the presence of _____ that appears near simultaneously as a thymoma

Answer: hypogammaglobulinemia

Flashcard 1052: Which MEN syndrome can have multiple angiofibromas, collagenomas, meningiomas, and lipomas?_____

Answer: MEN1

Flashcard 1053: Naegleria fowleri infection has a _____ prognosis

Answer: poor

Flashcard 1054: In addition to surgical removal, treatment of struvite stones involves eradication of underlying _____

Answer: infection

Flashcard 1055: Sjogren syndrome classically presents with _____, known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Answer: dry eyes

Flashcard 1056: What CNS complication is associated with pellagra (B3 deficiency)? _____

Answer: Dementia (also hallucinations)

Flashcard 1057: Reactivated infection with HSV will present as _____

Answer: herpes labialis

Flashcard 1058: Coccidioidomycosis can also cause _____, characterized by painful red nodules, typically on the shins

Answer: erythema nodosum

Flashcard 1059: _____ ("canker sores") are painful, superficial ulcerations of the oral mucosa

Answer: Aphthous ulcers

Flashcard 1060: The initial treatment for immune thrombocytopenic purpura is _____

Answer: corticosteroids

Flashcard 1061: Conditions that cause _____ include infection, medication, vestibular dysfunction, and chemoradiation

Answer: vomiting

Flashcard 1062: _____ incontinence is due to an overactive bladder (detrusor muscle overstimulation)

Answer: Urgency

Flashcard 1063: Aphthous ulcers are characterized by a _____ base (color) surrounded by erythema

Answer: grayish

Flashcard 1064: Early stages of iron deficiency cause a _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: normocytic

Flashcard 1065: Which lysosomal storage disease is associated with osteoporosis, bone crises, avascular necrosis, and pancytopenia?_____

Answer: Gaucher disease

Flashcard 1066: What is the most common primary immunodeficiency? _____

Answer: Selective IgA deficiency

Flashcard 1067: The plasma anion gap is useful primarily in the differential diagnosis of _____

Answer: metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 1068: Job (hyper-IgE) syndrome is characterized by _____ eosinophils

Answer: increased

Flashcard 1069: Chronic myeloid leukemia commonly results in _____-megaly

Answer: spleno

Flashcard 1070: What type of diarrhea is caused by Yersinia enterocolitica?_____

Answer: Bloody

Flashcard 1071: What eye pathology is associated with seronegative spondyloathropathies?_____

Answer: Uveitis

Flashcard 1072: What demographic is most commonly affected by Whipple disease? _____

Answer: Older men

Flashcard 1073: _____ gout is caused by an unknown etiology (most common)

Answer: Primary

Flashcard 1074: Treatment of cystic fibrosis includes _____-tonic saline, which facilitates mucus clearing

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 1075: _____ is an inflammatory facial skin disorder characterized by erythematous papules and pustules, but no comedones

Answer: Rosacea

Flashcard 1076: Which type of gallstone (cholesterol or pigment) is associated with rapid weight loss? _____

Answer: Cholesterol gallstone

Flashcard 1077: What is a genitourinary complication of Adenovirus? _____

Answer: Hemorrhagic cystitis

Flashcard 1078: What age group is most commonly affected by type 2 DM? _____

Answer: > 40 years old

Flashcard 1079: Patients with Lambert-Eaton Syndrome present with _____ symptoms (dry mouth, impotence)

Answer: autonomic

Flashcard 1080: What tumor marker is useful for assessing treatment response and recurrence of colorectal carcinoma? _____

Answer: CEA

Flashcard 1081: A painless, palpable gallbladder in pancreatic adenocarcinoma is also known as the _____ sign

Answer: Courvoisier

Flashcard 1082: Both Calcitriol and Vitamin D can be used to prophylactically treat and mitigate symptoms of _____.

Answer: osteoporosis

Flashcard 1083: _____ incontinence is characterized by leakage with the need to void immediately

Answer: Urgency

Flashcard 1084: Which cause(s) of painless genital ulceration present with painless inguinal lymph nodes?_____

Answer: Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Flashcard 1085: Tabes dorsalis may present with urinary _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Flashcard 1086: _____ syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by effortless/involuntary regurgitation of ingested food into the mouth after most meals.

Answer: Rumination

Flashcard 1087: What procedure should be performed with S. bovis infection?_____

Answer: Colonoscopy (suspect colon cancer)

Flashcard 1088: Diverticulosis is associated with low _____ diets

Answer: fiber

Flashcard 1089: Which type of sprue (celiac or tropical) can affect any part of the small bowel? _____

Answer: Tropical sprue

Flashcard 1090: Symptoms of esophageal carcinoma include progressive _____, weight loss, pain, and hematemesis

Answer: dysphagia (solids to liquids)

Flashcard 1091: Treatment for urgency incontinence includes Kegel exercises and _____ training

Answer: bladder

Flashcard 1092: Abdominal pain in henoch-schonlein purpura is associated with _____

Answer: intussusception

Flashcard 1093: Sjogren syndrome is characterized by bilateral enlargement of the _____ glands

Answer: parotid

Flashcard 1094: What parasitic infection is more common in patients with decreased B-cells? _____

Answer: GI giardiasis (no IgA)

Flashcard 1095: Temporary lactase deficiency may be seen after small bowel _____

Answer: infection (e.g. viral enteritis)

Flashcard 1096: Where does Chagas Disease predominantly occur?_____

Answer: South America

Flashcard 1097: Does cystitis typically present with systemic signs (e.g. fever)? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1098: What connective tissue disease is associated with esophageal dysmotility? _____

Answer: Scleroderma

Flashcard 1099: Barrett esophagus is seen in 10% of patients with _____

Answer: GERD

Flashcard 1100: What pathology is characterized by pyuria with no casts? _____

Answer: Acute cystitis

Flashcard 1101: Most notably, the serum tumor marker _____ is elevated in patients with neuroendocrine tumors

Answer: Chromogranin

Flashcard 1102: Type _____ diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin deficiency

Answer: 1

Flashcard 1103: What is the most common cancer in AIDS patients?_____

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma

Flashcard 1104: Infectious esophagitis is typically seen in _____ patients

Answer: immunocompromised

Flashcard 1105: Poliovirus causes _____ deep tendon reflexes

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1106: What is the treatment of Vibrio cholerae?_____

Answer: Oral rehydration therapy (with glucose and Na+)

Flashcard 1107: Is cholecystitis typically calculous or acalculous? _____

Answer: Calculous

Flashcard 1108: If a patient with ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome has no cortisol suppression following a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (8mg), the most likely cause of their syndrome is _____

Answer: ectopic ACTH secretion

Flashcard 1109: One risk factor for pyelonephritis is _____ reflux

Answer: vesicoureteral

Flashcard 1110: Compared to Cryptosporidium causing watery diarrhea, _____ causes floating, fatty, foul-smelling steatorrhea

Answer: Giardia lamblia (which protozoa)

Flashcard 1111: Which type of gastric carcinoma (diffuse or intestinal) is associated with a Sister Mary Joseph nodule? _____

Answer: Intestinal

Flashcard 1112: Dormant HSV-1 virus may be reactivated by _____ and sunlight, leading to an episode of oral herpes

Answer: stress

Flashcard 1113: Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause _____ dysfunction in the blood

Answer: platelet

Flashcard 1114: What demographic (age group) is commonly associated with diverticulosis? _____

Answer: Older adults (risk increases with age)

Flashcard 1115: Does hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic syndrome present with acidosis? Why? _____

Answer: No, ketone production is inhibited by presence of insulin

Flashcard 1116: Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia are usually seen in _____ individuals

Answer: immunocompromised

Flashcard 1117: Folate deficiency develops within _____, as body stores are minimal

Answer: months

Flashcard 1118: Patients with Good Syndrome have deficient levels of what types of lymphocytes?_____

Answer: B & T lymphocytes

Flashcard 1119: A GI infection causing bacteria that can cause a Leukemoid Reaction is _____

Answer: Clostridium Difficile

Flashcard 1120: Which obstructive lung disease is associated with secondary (AA) amyloidosis?_____

Answer: Bronchiectasis

Flashcard 1121: Patients with short bowel syndrome often develop an increased frequency of _____ kidney stones

Answer: calcium oxalate

Flashcard 1122: Is the CEA tumor marker useful for monitoring recurrence of colorectal carcinoma? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1123: Menetrier disease is characterized by excess mucus production with resultant _____ loss

Answer: protein

Flashcard 1124: Which electrolyte disturbance causes bone loss, osteomalacia (adults), and rickets (children)? _____

Answer: Low PO43-

Flashcard 1125: Chronic cholecystitis presents with vague RUQ pain, especially after _____

Answer: eating

Flashcard 1126: Adults receiving parenteral nutrition are at high risk for fungal infection with _____

Answer: Candida (candidemia)

Flashcard 1127: Lichen planus often presents with reticular white lines on the surface, known as _____, especially on oral mucosa

Answer: Wickham striae

Flashcard 1128: Which virus caused by bats and raccoons commonly causes dysphagia, muscle spasms, and coma?_____

Answer: Rabies (rhabdovirus)

Flashcard 1129: Weight _____ is commonly seen in Giardia infections

Answer: loss (gain or loss)

Flashcard 1130: What is the most common (90%) form of chronic gastritis? _____

Answer: Chronic H. pylori gastritis

Flashcard 1131: How does Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes) commonly present in healthy individuals?_____

Answer: Mild gastroenteritis

Flashcard 1132: What is the best treatment of cancer?_____

Answer: Early detection

Flashcard 1133: MEN 2B is associated with mucosal _____ (oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis)

Answer: neuromas

Flashcard 1134: Villous adenomas can cause _____ diarrhea, hypovolemia, and electrolyte abnormalities

Answer: secretory

Flashcard 1135: Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with obesity, GERD and Barrett esophagus? _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1136: Patients with systemic mastocytosis are prone to developing _____ ulcers

Answer: gastric

Flashcard 1137: What is the most common ulcer complication (both gastric and duodenal)?_____

Answer: Hemorrhage

Flashcard 1138: What demographic is most commonly associated with irritable bowel syndrome? _____

Answer: Middle-aged women

Flashcard 1139: Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with antibodies against antigens in _____

Answer: Neurons

Flashcard 1140: Interferon alpha may be used to treat _____ caused by HHV-8

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma

Flashcard 1141: Molluscum contagiosum is typically seen in children but can be _____ transmitted in adults

Answer: sexually

Flashcard 1142: What HLA subtype is associated with pernicious anemia? _____

Answer: DR5

Flashcard 1143: What is the inheritance of all multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes?_____

Answer: Autosomal dominant

Flashcard 1144: Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus may present with _____ due to tracheal involvement

Answer: cough

Flashcard 1145: _____ is a form of dystonia that involves involuntary contracture of the neck

Answer: Torticollis (cervical dystonia)

Flashcard 1146: _____ is an anemia associated with cancer and chronic inflammation

Answer: Anemia of chronic disease

Flashcard 1147: Erythema multiforme with lip/oral mucosal involvement and fever is termed _____ syndrome

Answer: Stevens-Johnson

Flashcard 1148: Diffuse esophageal spasm is associated with _____

Answer: GERD

Flashcard 1149: Screening for colorectal carcinoma in low-risk patients begins at _____ years of age (e.g. colonoscopy, fecal occult blood (stool guiaic test))

Answer: 50

Flashcard 1150: Horseshoe kidney is associated with increased risk for kidney _____ and infection

Answer: stones

Flashcard 1151: Gallbladder hypomotility is associated with what kind of gallstone?_____

Answer: Cholesterol gallstones

Flashcard 1152: Guillain-Barre syndrome that presents after Campylobacter jejuni infection results from _____-mediated demyelination

Answer: autoimmune

Flashcard 1153: Which skin disorder begins as a "Herald patch" followed days later by other scaly, erythematous plaques in a "Christmas tree" distribution on the trunk?_____

Answer: Pityriasis rosea

Flashcard 1154: The symptoms of epidemic typhus include _____

Answer: arthralgias, pneumonia, encephalitis, and the rash (4)

Flashcard 1155: Secondary syphilis is a _____ disease, no longer localized to the genital region

Answer: systemic

Flashcard 1156: JC virus presents in _____ patients

Answer: immunocompromised (HIV/AIDS)

Flashcard 1157: What is the treatment for celiac disease? _____

Answer: Gluten-free diet

Flashcard 1158: What microcytic anemia is associated with an increased RDW? _____

Answer: Iron deficiency anemia

Flashcard 1159: Gout treatment (NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, colchicine) can also be used to treat _____

Answer: pseudogout

Flashcard 1160: Acute mesenteric ischemia may present with '_____'' stool

Answer: currant jelly

Flashcard 1161: What is the treatment for neurocysticercosis Taenia solium infection?_____

Answer: Albendazole + corticosteroids

Flashcard 1162: What is the CD4+ count threshold for the development of candidal esophagitis?_____

Answer: < 200

Flashcard 1163: Acanthosis nigricans is typically associated with _____ resistance or visceral malignancy (esp. gastric carcinoma)

Answer: insulin

Flashcard 1164: Which malabsorption disorder is more common in tropical regions? _____

Answer: Tropical sprue

Flashcard 1165: Adenovirus commonly causes the common cold, which will present with _____, coryza, and cough

Answer: pharyngitis

Flashcard 1166: _____ azotemia is due to obstruction of the urinary tract downstream from the kidney (e.g. stones, BPH, neoplasia)

Answer: Postrenal

Flashcard 1167: Which hormone-secreting pancreatic tumor is associated with necrolytic migratory erythema?_____

Answer: Glucagonoma

Flashcard 1168: Henoch-Schonlein purpura often occurs following an _____ infection, which leads to generation of IgA

Answer: upper respiratory tract

Flashcard 1169: In infectious diseases, the incubation period is generally _____

Answer: short

Flashcard 1170: Celiac disease is associated with _____ bone density

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1171: Less common causes of gastric ulcers include _____ and bile reflux

Answer: NSAIDs

Flashcard 1172: What is the most commonly reported bacterial STI in the United States?_____

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis Types D-K

Flashcard 1173: Systemic amyloidosis can have gastrointestinal manifestations, including hepatomegaly, malabsorption and _____glossia

Answer: macro

Flashcard 1174: What acid-base disorder may be seen with Fanconi syndrome? _____

Answer: Metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 1175: Which hematologic complication arises from Toxocara canis infection?_____

Answer: Eosinophilia

Flashcard 1176: Patients with Staphylococcus saprophyticus infections typically present with UTIs and _____ (symptoms include dysuria, polyuria, and abdominal pain/discomfort)

Answer: cystitis

Flashcard 1177: What demographic is most commonly associated with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic syndrome? _____

Answer: Elderly type 2 diabetics, especially with limited ability to drink

Flashcard 1178: Sickle cell anemia patients are at an increased risk of Salmonella typhi _____

Answer: osteomyelitis

Flashcard 1179: Does bullous pemphigoid typically involve the oral mucosa? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1180: What dermatologic lesion is a macule > 1 cm?_____

Answer: Patch

Flashcard 1181: UTI most commonly arises due to _____ infection (ascending or descending)

Answer: ascending

Flashcard 1182: What is the first line treatment of pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile)?_____

Answer: Oral Vancomycin

Flashcard 1183: Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by _____ (MCV) RBCs

Answer: macrocytic

Flashcard 1184: What demographic is most commonly affected by Zenker diverticulum? _____

Answer: Elderly males

Flashcard 1185: _____ is an intestinal hypomotility without obstruction that results in constipation and decreased flatus

Answer: Ileus

Flashcard 1186: Which hematologic complication arises from Wuchereria bancrofti infection?_____

Answer: Eosinophilia

Flashcard 1187: Polyuria is associated with _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Flashcard 1188: Interferon alpha may be used to treat _____ caused by HPV

Answer: condyloma accuminata

Flashcard 1189: What type of anemia will rarely be caused by NSAID therapy?_____

Answer: Aplastic anemia

Flashcard 1190: In addition to post-viral/bacterial infection, Guillain-Barre syndrome also may arise due to _____ or stress

Answer: vaccination

Flashcard 1191: TMP-SMX can be used to treat acute _____ in men

Answer: prostatitis

Flashcard 1192: An _____ Deficiency may present after administration of the BCG vaccine

Answer: IL-12 Receptor

Flashcard 1193: What type of gastric ulcer is caused by increased intracranial pressure? _____

Answer: Cushing ulcer

Flashcard 1194: Lactase deficiency may present with _____ due to the osmostic effects of undigested lactose

Answer: diarrhea

Flashcard 1195: Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome typically occurs in severely _____ patients

Answer: malnourished

Flashcard 1196: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by _____ % saturation

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1197: _____ mesenteric ischemia is typically caused by intestinal hypoperfusion as a result of narrowed vasculature

Answer: Chronic

Flashcard 1198: _____ Syndrome is a malabsorption disorder caused by a lack of functional small intestine

Answer: Short Bowel

Flashcard 1199: Ascending cholangitis is usually due to ascending infection with enteric gram-_____ bacteria

Answer: negative

Flashcard 1200: Boerhaave syndrome is usually due to violent _____

Answer: retching

Flashcard 1201: One possible ulcer complication is _____ of the pyloric channel or duodenum

Answer: obstruction

Flashcard 1202: What malabsorption disorder is associated with HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8? _____

Answer: Celiac disease

Flashcard 1203: Anal carcinoma presents with proctitis with _____ and bloody discharge

Answer: tenesmus

Flashcard 1204: Which virus can present with swollen gums and inflamed lesions on the hard palate and lips?_____

Answer: HSV-1

Flashcard 1205: Ileus is associated with a distended/tympanic abdomen and _____ bowel sounds

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1206: Which thyroid imbalance presents with hyperdefecation / diarrhea?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 1207: Early stages of anemia of chronic disease cause a _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: normocytic

Flashcard 1208: Which type of gallstone is associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN)? _____

Answer: Cholesterol stones

Flashcard 1209: Angiodysplasia usually arises in the cecum and _____ colon (right or left) due to high wall tension

Answer: right

Flashcard 1210: Obstructive jaundice is associated with _____ stools

Answer: pale

Flashcard 1211: Celiac disease in _____ (age group) classically presents with chronic steatorrhea and bloating

Answer: adults

Flashcard 1212: What is the general treatment for diverticulitis? _____

Answer: Antibiotics

Flashcard 1213: Lung abscess is often caused by _____ of oropharyngeal contents

Answer: aspiration

Flashcard 1214: Chronic H. pylori gastritis causes increased risk for _____ disease

Answer: peptic ulcer

Flashcard 1215: What acid-base disturbance is associated with pyloric stenosis? _____

Answer: Hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 1216: Does HUS in adults typically present with diarrhea?_____

Answer: No (E. coli infection not required in adults)

Flashcard 1217: What malabsorption syndrome is associated with dermatitis herpetiformis?_____

Answer: Celiac disease

Flashcard 1218: Tropical sprue may be associated with _____ anemia

Answer: megaloblastic

Flashcard 1219: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the body or tail may present with secondary _____

Answer: diabetes mellitus

Flashcard 1220: Helicobacter pylori infection can result in a(n) _____ anemia

Answer: iron deficiency

Flashcard 1221: Riedel thyroiditis is considered a manifestation of _____-related systemic disease, which includes autoimmune pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and noninfectious aortitis

Answer: IgG4

Flashcard 1222: Is the CEA tumor marker useful for screening for colorectal carcinoma? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1223: Which parasitic infection can present with cysts in the brain?_____

Answer: Neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium)

Flashcard 1224: Without active vWF, _____ will rupture much more easily, resulting in GI bleeding and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Answer: intestinal angiodysplasias

Flashcard 1225: The dominant presenting sign of urethritis is _____

Answer: dysuria

Flashcard 1226: Diabetes mellitus may result in _____ incontinence

Answer: overflow

Flashcard 1227: Diverticulosis is usually _____ or associated with vague discomfort

Answer: asymptomatic

Flashcard 1228: _____ syndrome is a condition seen in some cases of immunosuppression (AIDS), in which the immune system begins to recover, but then responds to a previously acquired opportunistic infection with an overwhelming inflammatory response that paradoxically makes the symptoms of infection worse

Answer: Immune reconstitution

Flashcard 1229: What dermatologic lesion is a transient smooth papule or plaque?_____

Answer: Wheal

Flashcard 1230: Disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of mucosal and skin _____

Answer: bleeding

Flashcard 1231: Zenker diverticulum often presents with oropharyngeal dysphagia, obstruction, and _____

Answer: halitosis (bad breath)

Flashcard 1232: Accelerated emptying of hyperosmolar food boluses into the small bowel results in _____

Answer: dumping syndrome

Flashcard 1233: _____ STI that presents with urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis and a white, creamy purulent discharge.

Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Flashcard 1234: Sclerodermal esophageal dysmotility is characterized by _____ LES pressure on esophageal manometry

Answer: low

Flashcard 1235: Which type of gallstone is the most common, especially in the West? _____

Answer: Cholesterol stone (80%)

Flashcard 1236: Behcet syndrome can be seen after _____ infection, but the etiology is unknown

Answer: viral

Flashcard 1237: Does carcinoid syndrome occur with carcinoid tumors that are limited to the GI tract? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1238: Risk factors for psoas abscess include HIV infection, IVDU, and diabetes _____

Answer: mellitus

Flashcard 1239: The PSA level in benign prostatic hyperplasia is often _____ elevated due to hyperplasia of prostatic glands

Answer: slightly

Flashcard 1240: Sialolithiasis is typically treated conservatively with NSAIDs, gland massage, warm compresses, and _____

Answer: sialogogues

Flashcard 1241: What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in developed countries?_____

Answer: Norovirus

Flashcard 1242: _____ can result when a bug like E. coli enters the blood stream from a rupture in the intestinal wall

Answer: Gram negative sepsis

Flashcard 1243: SMA syndrome is characterized by intermittent obstruction symptoms; primarily _____ pain

Answer: postprandial

Flashcard 1244: What is the treatment of Dengue fever?_____

Answer: Supportive (no treatment at this time)

Flashcard 1245: Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis with edrophonium has been replaced by _____ tests

Answer: anti-AChR-Ab

Flashcard 1246: What demographic is classically affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)? _____

Answer: Middle-aged men (classically with IBD)

Flashcard 1247: What lymph nodes are commonly affected in Whipple disease? _____

Answer: Mesenteric nodes

Flashcard 1248: Which microcytic anemias (2) present with increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin? _____

Answer: Iron deficiency anemia, Anemia of chronic disease

Flashcard 1249: What is the first line treatment for a patient with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?_____

Answer: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

Flashcard 1250: Esophagitis with linear ulcerations is characteristic of what viral infection?_____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 1251: One clinical feature of renal failure is _____, which is a symptomatic clinical syndrome marked by increased nitrogenous waste products in the blood (azotemia)

Answer: uremia

Flashcard 1252: _____ is a non-alpha, non-beta, non-delta islet cell pancreatic tumor (also known as WDHA syndrome)

Answer: VIPoma

Flashcard 1253: Duodenal ulcers rarely may be due to _____ syndrome

Answer: Zollinger-Ellison

Flashcard 1254: Lynch syndrome was previously known as _____

Answer: hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

Flashcard 1255: Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by _____ ferritin

Answer: increased

Flashcard 1256: Acute gout may occur with _____ or seafood consumption, which are foods rich in purines

Answer: red meat

Flashcard 1257: Clostridium difficile is a nosocomial infection that commonly follows _____ use

Answer: antibiotic (ie: ampicillin, clindamycin) (2 examples)

Flashcard 1258: Acute dystonia can lead to _____, requiring intubation

Answer: laryngospasm

Flashcard 1259: Zinc deficiency is associated with delayed _____ healing

Answer: wound

Flashcard 1260: _____ -sided colorectal carcinoma presents with colicky pain and hematochezia (stool)

Answer: Left

Flashcard 1261: What type of Anthrax presents with cutaneous ulcers with black eschars?_____

Answer: Cutaneous Anthrax

Flashcard 1262: VIPoma and carcinoid tumor both cause _____ diarrhea

Answer: secretory

Flashcard 1263: What is the appearance cystine kidney stones on X-ray? _____

Answer: Faintly radioopaque

Flashcard 1264: Which viral manifestation is said to have a "dew drops on a rose" appearance in a dermatomal distribution?_____

Answer: Herpes Zoster (shingles)

Flashcard 1265: Folate deficiency is characterized by _____ (MCV) RBCs

Answer: macrocytic

Flashcard 1266: Which hematologic complication arises from Loa loa infection?_____

Answer: Eosinophilia

Flashcard 1267: What bladder/bowel deficits does ALS present with? _____

Answer: None

Flashcard 1268: What cause of arthritis presents with purulent synovial fluid (WBC > 50,000/mm3)?_____

Answer: Septic (infectious) arthritis

Flashcard 1269: If Streptococcus bovis is present in the blood (bacteremia) what pathology should be suspected?_____

Answer: Colon cancer

Flashcard 1270: What type of diarrhea is seen in Legionnaires' disease?_____

Answer: Watery

Flashcard 1271: Which chronic protozoal infection may result in achalasia?_____

Answer: Chagas disease

Flashcard 1272: Carcinoid syndrome is associated with the rule of _____

Answer: 1/3rds

Flashcard 1273: Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause _____ of the spinal cord

Answer: subacute combined degeneration (long name)

Flashcard 1274: Risk factors for colorectal carcinoma include _____ use

Answer: tobacco

Flashcard 1275: Which type of kidney stone is associated with staghorn calculi in children? _____

Answer: Cystine kidney stones

Flashcard 1276: Complications of diverticulitis include _____, perforation, and obstruction (inflammatory stenosis)

Answer: abscess

Flashcard 1277: _____ is characterized by many false diverticula in the colon

Answer: Diverticulosis

Flashcard 1278: Duodenal ulcers are almost always due to _____ (~ 90%) and why?

Answer: H. pylori

Flashcard 1279: Cryptosporidium spp infections are often found in HIV+ patients with CD4+ cell counts < _____

Answer: 100/mm3

Flashcard 1280: In SIADH, serum Na+ levels must be corrected slowly to prevent _____ syndrome

Answer: osmotic demyelination

Flashcard 1281: Gastric carcinoma typically presents _____ (timing) with weight loss, early satiety, abdominal pain, and anemia

Answer: late

Flashcard 1282: Hyper-IgM syndrome results in recurrent _____ infections, especially at mucosal sites

Answer: pyogenic

Flashcard 1283: What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in long-standing postrenal azotemia? _____

Answer: < 350 mOsm/kg (low)

Flashcard 1284: Clostridium perfringens can result in a crepitus and _____ upon palpation of the infected area of skin

Answer: crackling

Flashcard 1285: _____ is a complication of Bartonella henselae in immunocompetent patients

Answer: Cat scratch fever

Flashcard 1286: Which blistering skin disorder, pemphigus vulgaris or bullous pemphigoid is more severe?_____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris ("vulgaris is vulgar")

Flashcard 1287: What is the initial presentation of Kaposi sarcoma?_____

Answer: Cutaneous disease

Flashcard 1288: What hookworms (2) are associated with iron deficiency anemia?_____

Answer: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

Flashcard 1289: _____ cholecystitis is due to gallbladder stasis, hypoperfusion, or infection (no obstruction); seen in critically ill patients

Answer: Acalculous

Flashcard 1290: What GI symptoms (2) are associated with uremia (renal failure)?_____

Answer: Nausea, anorexia

Flashcard 1291: What is the treatment (2) for severe or resistant cases of Babesiosis?_____

Answer: Azithromycin plus atovaquone

Flashcard 1292: Acute gastritis may arise with _____, which presents as multiple stress ulcers secondary to ischemia

Answer: shock

Flashcard 1293: Which hematologic complication arises from Trichinella spiralis infection?_____

Answer: Eosinophilia

Flashcard 1294: Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is common in smokers?_____

Answer: Legionnaires' disease

Flashcard 1295: Patients with acromegaly have an increased risk of _____ formation and cancer.

Answer: colorectal polyp

Flashcard 1296: While diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is usually seen in older adults, _____% of cases occur in children

Answer: 20

Flashcard 1297: Which cutaneous manifestation is seen in secondary syphilis?_____

Answer: Condyloma lata & Diffuse maculopapular rash

Flashcard 1298: Ischemic colitis is most commonly due to _____ of the SMA

Answer: atherosclerosis

Flashcard 1299: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is commonly known as _____ disease

Answer: Lou Gehrig

Flashcard 1300: _____ is a complication of EBV infection that presents with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy.

Answer: Mononucleosis

Flashcard 1301: What disease is associated with this spinal cord lesion? _____

Answer: Subacute combined degeneraton (B12 deficiency)

Flashcard 1302: _____ is a cause of pneumonia that most commonly affects the elderly, alcoholics, and diabetics (due to aspiration)

Answer: Klebsiella pneumoniae (bug)

Flashcard 1303: Which cutaneous manifestation is seen in tertiary syphilis?_____

Answer: Gummas

Flashcard 1304: Isolated gastric fundal varices are seen in _____ thrombosis

Answer: splenic vein

Flashcard 1305: The Leser-Trelat sign is sudden onset of multiple _____ and suggests underlying malignancy (e.g. GI tract)

Answer: seborrheic keratoses

Flashcard 1306: Which zoonotic bacteria presents with undulating fevers?_____

Answer: Brucella spp.

Flashcard 1307: AIDS patients are at risk for CMV infections when their CD4 count is _____

Answer: < 50

Flashcard 1308: Cholecystitis may present with elevated serum _____ if the bile duct is involved

Answer: alkaline phosphatase

Flashcard 1309: Tropical sprue classically arises after infectious _____

Answer: diarrhea

Flashcard 1310: Patients who are smokers have higher levels of what serum tumor marker?_____

Answer: CEA

Flashcard 1311: Does postrenal azotemia occur with unilateral or bilateral obstruction?_____

Answer: Bilateral

Flashcard 1312: Mallory-Weiss syndrome presents with _____ that can be painful

Answer: hematemesis

Flashcard 1313: _____ % of colorectal cancers arise in patients with a positive family history

Answer: 25

Flashcard 1314: Parotitis can present with elevated serum _____

Answer: amylase

Flashcard 1315: What GI tract pathology presents with appendicitis-like symptoms in the LLQ? _____

Answer: Diverticulitis

Flashcard 1316: Which form of Leishmaniasis can present with fever, pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly?_____

Answer: Visceral leishmaniasis (L. donovani)

Flashcard 1317: What demographic (age, gender) is associated with ankylosing spondylitis?_____

Answer: Young adult males

Flashcard 1318: What parasitic infection are patients with IgA deficiency susceptible to? _____

Answer: Giardia

Flashcard 1319: Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with achalasia? _____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 1320: What dermatologic lesion is a small fluid-containing blister < 1 cm?_____

Answer: Vesicle

Flashcard 1321: Treatment of uric acid kidney stones involves _____ of urine (e.g. potassium bicarbonate)

Answer: alkalinization

Flashcard 1322: Which thyroid imbalance presents with constipation?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 1323: Is irritable bowel syndrome related to structural abnormalities? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1324: One risk factor for pyelonephritis is urinary tract _____

Answer: obstruction (not infection)

Flashcard 1325: Acute symptoms of Chagas disease include chagoma and _____

Answer: Romaa's sign

Flashcard 1326: Mild global cerebral ischemia may occur with repeat episodes of _____

Answer: hypoglycemia (e.g. insulinoma)

Flashcard 1327: When seborrheic dermatitis is seen in adults, this most commonly presents as _____

Answer: dandruff

Flashcard 1328: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic syndrome often presents with glucose levels > _____ mg/dL and increased serum osmolarity (> 320 mOsm/kg)

Answer: 600

Flashcard 1329: One complication of acute pyelonephritis is uro-_____

Answer: sepsis

Flashcard 1330: Does achalasia present with dysphagia for solids or liquids? _____

Answer: Both solids and liquids

Flashcard 1331: Achalasia is characterized by _____ LES pressure on esophageal manometry

Answer: high

Flashcard 1332: Which blistering skin disorder, pemphigus vulgaris or bullous pemphigoid, may involve the oral mucosa? _____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris

Flashcard 1333: What demographic (age group) is associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder? _____

Answer: Older adults

Flashcard 1334: The tears in Mallory-Weiss syndrome are caused by a rapid increase in _____ pressure (ex. retching, vomiting)

Answer: intraabdominal

Flashcard 1335: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by a _____ of the pancreas or duodenum

Answer: gastrinoma

Flashcard 1336: Which demographic is at an increased risk of Listeria monocytogenes infection?_____

Answer: Pregnant women

Flashcard 1337: Gastric ulcers are usually due to _____ (~ 70%)

Answer: H. pylori

Flashcard 1338: What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in early postrenal azotemia? _____

Answer: > 500 mOsm/kg (normal) (>500 or <350?)

Flashcard 1339: What endocrine disorder may be associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? _____

Answer: MEN 1

Flashcard 1340: Which is more common, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency? _____

Answer: Folate deficiency

Flashcard 1341: _____ dermatitis arises upon exposure to allergens (e.g. nickel, poison ivy, neomycin)

Answer: Contact

Flashcard 1342: Which blistering skin disorder presents with thin-walled bullae that rupture easily? _____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris

Flashcard 1343: A properly functioning marrow responds to anemia by increasing the reticulocyte count to _____%

Answer: > 3

Flashcard 1344: The most common gallstone complication is _____

Answer: cholecystitis

Flashcard 1345: Osteoarthritis often presents with pain in _____ joints after use (e.g. hip, knees, lower lumbar spine)

Answer: weight-bearing

Flashcard 1346: Esophageal web presents with dysphagia for _____ food

Answer: poorly chewed

Flashcard 1347: Gustatory hallucinations are rare, but may be seen in _____

Answer: epilepsy

Flashcard 1348: Which blistering skin disorder presents as pruritic vesicles and bullae that are grouped?_____

Answer: Dermatitis herpetiformis

Flashcard 1349: The anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies in Sjogren syndrome are against _____

Answer: ribonucleoproteins

Flashcard 1350: About 10% of cases of insulinoma are associated with _____ syndrome

Answer: MEN 1

Flashcard 1351: Carcinoid syndrome is characterized by bronchospasm (asthmatic wheezing), recurrent diarrhea, and _____

Answer: flushing of the skin

Flashcard 1352: Why does type 1 diabetes mellitus present with weight loss and decreased muscle mass?_____

Answer: increased lipolysis and proteolysis due to unopposed glucagon from lack of insulin

Flashcard 1353: Along with Bats, Rabies virus is also commonly carried by _____ in the western U.S.

Answer: skunks

Flashcard 1354: Which protozoal complication can present with megacolon and megaesophagus?_____

Answer: Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Flashcard 1355: Which Herpesvirus can result in esophagitis with linear ulcerations?_____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 1356: The intestinal type of gastric carcinoma most commonly arises on the _____

Answer: lesser curvature of the antrum

Flashcard 1357: Is the African form of Kaposi sarcoma associated with immunodeficiency?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1358: What type of jaundice is associated with gallstones, parasites, and liver fluke? _____

Answer: Obstructive jaundice

Flashcard 1359: What is the treatment for Tetrodotoxin and Ciguatoxin poisoning?_____

Answer: Supportive care

Flashcard 1360: What is the treatment for hereditary spherocytosis? _____

Answer: Splenectomy

Flashcard 1361: Sarcoidosis may involve the salivary and lacrimal glands, which mimics _____ syndrome

Answer: Sjogren

Flashcard 1362: _____ hernias are found in about half of patients with Mallory Weiss syndrome and are considered a strong predisposing factor

Answer: Hiatal

Flashcard 1363: Chlamydia infection should be treated as if the patient also has which STI?_____

Answer: Gonorrhea

Flashcard 1364: What anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies are associated with Sjogren syndrome? _____

Answer: anti-SSA (Ro) and SSB (La) antibodies (... (..))

Flashcard 1365: Carcinoid syndrome is associated with the "rule of _____"

Answer: 1/3s

Flashcard 1366: What is the most common cause of testicular cancer in older men (>60)? _____

Answer: Lymphoma

Flashcard 1367: Which paramyxovirus can result in orchitis (unilaterally)?_____

Answer: Mumps

Flashcard 1368: Lynch syndrome is usually right-sided and always involves the _____ colon (proximal or distal)

Answer: proximal

Flashcard 1369: Dumping syndrome presents with _____ abdominal pain, nausea, shakiness, and diarrhea

Answer: colicky (quality)

Flashcard 1370: What age group of adults are commonly affected with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis?_____

Answer: Elderly (>60 y.o.)

Flashcard 1371: Megaloblastic anemia is a cause of _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: macrocytic

Flashcard 1372: One of the most feared complications of type 2 diabetes is _____

Answer: hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic syndrome

Flashcard 1373: What is the most common symptom of Norovirus infection?_____

Answer: Watery diarrhea

Flashcard 1374: Which blistering skin disorder presents with tense blisters with eosinophils that don't rupture easily? _____

Answer: Bullous pemphigoid

Flashcard 1375: Which three organs are involved in MEN1?_____

Answer: Pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroids

Flashcard 1376: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma may present with _____, which is redness and tenderness in the extremities

Answer: migratory thrombophlebitis

Flashcard 1377: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may present with _____ due to inactivation of pancreatic lipases

Answer: steatorrhea

Flashcard 1378: What vitamin deficiencies can occur with a Giardia infection?_____

Answer: Fat Soluble (ADEK)

Flashcard 1379: In long-standing postrenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is _____ 15

Answer: <

Flashcard 1380: Vitamin _____ deficiency is seen in patients with malabsorption, decreased sun exposure, poor diet, and chronic kidney disease

Answer: D

Flashcard 1381: Is type 1 DM characterized by a strong or weak genetic predisposition (compared to type 2)? _____

Answer: Relatively weak (50% concordance in identical twins)

Flashcard 1382: Dengue fever infects the _____

Answer: bone marrow

Flashcard 1383: What opening pressure (lumbar puncture) is associated with fungal/TB meningitis? _____

Answer: Increased pressure

Flashcard 1384: Boerhaave syndrome may present with subcutaneous _____, which is characterized by crepitus felt in the neck region or chest wall

Answer: emphysema

Flashcard 1385: In patients with IgA deficiency and celiac disease, Ig_____ antibodies against endomysium, tTG, or gliadin are useful for diagnosis

Answer: G

Flashcard 1386: _____ is an obstructive lung disease that may be caused by cystic fibrosis

Answer: Bronchiectasis

Flashcard 1387: Which infectious skin disorder presents as firm, pink, umbilicated papules? _____

Answer: Molluscum contagiosum

Flashcard 1388: Shigella causes _____ diarrhea (watery or bloody)

Answer: bloody

Flashcard 1389: What type of jaundice is associated with cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic carcinoma? _____

Answer: Obstructive jaundice

Flashcard 1390: Phymatous rosacea can cause _____, which is a bulbous deformation of the nose

Answer: rhinophyma

Flashcard 1391: _____ predisposes individuals to Candida albicans infection

Answer: Diabetes (what endocrine pathology)

Flashcard 1392: What Herpesvirus can result in colitis with ulcerated walls?_____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 1393: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura presents with _____ platelet count

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1394: Is a patient with hyperparathyroidism more likely to present with constipation or diarrhea?_____

Answer: Constipation

Flashcard 1395: What cause of viral gastroenteritis is more commonly seen in adults?_____

Answer: Norovirus

Flashcard 1396: Vaginal delivery, prostate surgery / hysterectomy, post-menopausal state, obesity increase risk for _____ incontinence

Answer: stress

Flashcard 1397: How does gastrin secretion change with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? _____

Answer: Very increased

Flashcard 1398: Infectious mononucleosis is associated with increased risk for _____ rupture

Answer: splenic

Flashcard 1399: Treatment for cystinuria includes urinary _____ (e.g. potassium citrate, acetazolamide)

Answer: alkalinization

Flashcard 1400: Is pemphigus vulgaris associated with a positive Nikolsky sign (separation of epidermis with manual stroking of skin)? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1401: Which type of duodenal ulcer (anterior or posterior) is more commonly associated with hemorrhage? _____

Answer: Posterior

Flashcard 1402: The low LES pressure in scleroderma predisposes to _____ and dysphagia

Answer: acid reflux

Flashcard 1403: Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by _____ neutrophils

Answer: hypersegmented

Flashcard 1404: A secretin stimulation test is positive if gastrin levels remain _____ after administration of secretin

Answer: elevated

Flashcard 1405: Eosinophilic esophagitis classically presents with dysphagia and food impaction in response to _____

Answer: food allergens

Flashcard 1406: Gastic MALTomas may regress with treatment of _____

Answer: H. pylori

Flashcard 1407: Which AIDS-defining illness is caused directly by HIV?_____

Answer: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Flashcard 1408: Pneumonia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae is caused by enteric flora that are _____

Answer: aspirated

Flashcard 1409: Pityriasis Versicolor is characterized by hyper or hypo_____ patches on a patient's skin

Answer: pigmented

Flashcard 1410: Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is often self-limited?_____

Answer: Pontiac fever

Flashcard 1411: Binge eating disorder is associated with increased risk for obesity and _____

Answer: diabetes mellitus

Flashcard 1412: Sialolithiasis presents as recurrent _____-prandial pain and swelling in affected gland

Answer: pre-/peri

Flashcard 1413: The staghorn calculi seen in struvite kidney stones may act as a nidus for _____ infection

Answer: urinary tract

Flashcard 1414: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may present with chronic cough and adult-onset _____

Answer: asthma

Flashcard 1415: Which cutaneous pathology can be treated with topical Clindamycin?_____

Answer: Acne

Flashcard 1416: Symptoms of Coltivirus (Colorado tick virus) include fevers, vomiting, and _____

Answer: myalgia

Flashcard 1417: Which cause of pharyngitis is more commonly seen in late teens and adults?_____

Answer: EBV (infectious mononucleosis)

Flashcard 1418: _____ sprue is characterized by damage to small bowel villi due to an unknown organism, resulting in malabsorption

Answer: Tropical

Flashcard 1419: Achalasia may be treated with _____ injections

Answer: botulinum toxin

Flashcard 1420: Anal fissures typically present with pain while pooping and _____ on toilet paper

Answer: blood

Flashcard 1421: Which cause(s) of painless genital ulceration present with painful inguinal lymph nodes (buboes)?_____

Answer: Chlamydia L1-L3 (LGV)

Flashcard 1422: One cause of folate deficiency is poor diet, which is often seen in _____ and the elderly

Answer: alcoholics (not children)

Flashcard 1423: What type of hernia increases risk of developing GERD? _____

Answer: Sliding hiatal hernia

Flashcard 1424: What is the treatment for Bartonella henselae in the immuno-compromised (bacillary angiomatosis)?_____

Answer: Doxycycline or Azithromycin

Flashcard 1425: Scombroid poisoning mimics _____

Answer: anaphylaxis

Flashcard 1426: Thyroid medullary carcinomas secrete _____

Answer: calcitonin

Flashcard 1427: What demographic is most commonly associated with type 2 DM?_____

Answer: Middle-aged, obese patients

Flashcard 1428: What is the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma? _____

Answer: Poor (presents late)

Flashcard 1429: Does acute pyelonephritis typically present with systemic signs (e.g. fever, chills)? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1430: What acid-base disorder may be caused by vomiting? _____

Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 1431: Which bacterial manifestation can present similarly to Kaposi sarcoma?_____

Answer: Bacillary angiomatosis (Bartonella henselae and quintana)

Flashcard 1432: Celiac disease is classically seen in people of _____ descent

Answer: northern European

Flashcard 1433: Somatostatinoma may present with _____ due to inhibition of gastrin

Answer: achlorhydria

Flashcard 1434: What infectious diseases (2) are associated with type I MPGN? _____

Answer: HBV, HCV

Flashcard 1435: Which type of sprue (celiac or tropical) primarily affects the proximal small bowel? _____

Answer: Celiac sprue

Flashcard 1436: _____ syndrome is characterized by a triad of iron deficiency anemia, esophageal web, and a beefy-red tongue (atrophic glossitis)

Answer: Plummer-Vinson

Flashcard 1437: Signs and symptoms of a psoas abscess include fever, back / flank pain, inguinal mass, and difficulty _____

Answer: walking

Flashcard 1438: The _____ type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning presents with watery, nonbloody diarrhea and GI pain within 8-18 hrs of consumption.

Answer: Diarrheal

Flashcard 1439: Which cause of genital ulceration presents with painful genital ulcer with purulent exudate?_____

Answer: Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

Flashcard 1440: In what sole population is the Adenovirus vaccine indicated?_____

Answer: Military recruits

Flashcard 1441: _____ is associated with small bowel necrosis and abdominal pain out of proportion to physical findings

Answer: Acute mesenteric ischemia

Flashcard 1442: Toxoplasmosis prophylaxis is initiated in HIV patients with a CD4 count d 100 cells/mm3 and positive T. gondii _____ serology

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 1443: Which zoonotic bacterial infection must be reported to the CDC?_____

Answer: Francisella tularensis (Tuleremia)

Flashcard 1444: Impaired _____ emptying increases risk for UTI

Answer: bladder

Flashcard 1445: Dermatitis herpetiformis may be treated with _____ and a gluten-free diet

Answer: dapsone

Flashcard 1446: Lead poisoning in adults often presents with _____ pigmentation at the gum-tooth line

Answer: bluish

Flashcard 1447: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may present with _____ pain, due to peptic ulcer disease and distal ulcers

Answer: abdominal

Flashcard 1448: Helicobacter pylori infection can result in a(n) _____ deficiency (along with iron)

Answer: B12 (cobalamin)

Flashcard 1449: MEN _____ is associated with parathyroid adenomas

Answer: 1

Flashcard 1450: What is the most common type of kidney stone?_____

Answer: Calcium stone (80%)

Flashcard 1451: In addition to Ceftriaxone for Gonorrhea, what other possible co-infection should you treat?_____

Answer: Chlamydia

Flashcard 1452: There is an increased incidence of Ig_____ deficiency in patients with celiac disease

Answer: A

Flashcard 1453: What is the most common cause of hematochezia in adults?_____

Answer: Diverticulosis

Flashcard 1454: Hematological complications of hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus) include iron deficiency anemia and _____

Answer: eosinophilia

Flashcard 1455: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by _____ ferritin

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1456: Chronic mesenteric ischemia presents with epigastric pain that occurs _____ eating (before or after)

Answer: after

Flashcard 1457: _____ cell immunodeficiencies generally predispose to GI giardiasis

Answer: B (B or T or Granulocyte?)

Flashcard 1458: What type of diarrhea is caused by Clostridium difficile?_____

Answer: Watery

Flashcard 1459: _____ are rings at the GE junction due to chronic acid reflux.

Answer: Schatzki rings

Flashcard 1460: Is the hematemesis seen with Mallory-Weiss syndrome typically painful or painless? _____

Answer: Painful

Flashcard 1461: Megaloblastic anemia is associated with _____ (tongue)

Answer: glossitis

Flashcard 1462: What infection is associated with acalculous cholecystitis? _____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 1463: Patients with infectious mononucleosis are advised to avoid _____ for one month

Answer: contact sports

Flashcard 1464: One use of Mammography as a screening tool is to detect in situ breast cancer before it _____

Answer: invades

Flashcard 1465: One of the most feared complications of type 1 diabetes is _____

Answer: diabetic ketoacidosis

Flashcard 1466: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma often presents with weight _____, secondary to malabsorption and anorexia

Answer: loss

Flashcard 1467: -thalassemia major is associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which can be observed on abdominal physical exam as an enlargement of the _____

Answer: liver and spleen

Flashcard 1468: If a patient with ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome has no increase in ACTH secretion following a CRH stimulation test, the most likely cause of their syndrome is _____

Answer: ectopic ACTH secretion

Flashcard 1469: Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus may present with _____ due to involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer: hoarseness

Flashcard 1470: Anal fissures are associated with constipation and _____ diets

Answer: low-fiber

Flashcard 1471: Later stages of iron deficiency cause a _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: microcytic

Flashcard 1472: Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with _____

Answer: diarrhea (GI symptom)

Flashcard 1473: Somatostatinoma may present with _____ due to inhibition of insulin

Answer: diabetes

Flashcard 1474: Does Acanthosis Nigricans typically present as a paraneoplastic syndrome?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1475: Which stage of Bordetella pertussis infection is characterized by gradual recovery?_____

Answer: Convalescent

Flashcard 1476: Which hormone-secreting tumor is associated with dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema), diabetes, DVT, declining weight, and depression?_____

Answer: Glucagonoma

Flashcard 1477: Which cause(s) of painful genital ulceration present with unilateral painful inguinal lymph nodes?_____

Answer: Chancroid (H. ducreyi)

Flashcard 1478: Bile acid resins increase the cholesterol content of bile acids and thus may cause _____

Answer: cholesterol gallstones

Flashcard 1479: Biliary tract diseases (e.g. PSC, PBC) present with features of _____ jaundice

Answer: obstructive

Keywords: Gastroenterology flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

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GERD and esophageal disorders

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Peptic ulcer disease

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Helicobacter pylori infection

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Celiac disease

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Irritable bowel syndrome

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Diverticular disease

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GI bleeding (upper and lower)

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Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

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Malabsorption syndromes

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Colorectal cancer screening

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Functional GI disorders

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Anorectal disorders

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GI motility disorders

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Gastroenterology — Flashcards

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