Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: The osmotic diuresis in diabetic ketoacidosis may lead to fatal arrhythmias by causing _____ depletion

Answer: total body K+

Flashcard 2: _____ is a group of disorders of the renal tubules that lead to normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis

Answer: Renal tubular acidosis

Flashcard 3: What demographic is most commonly associated with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic syndrome? _____

Answer: Elderly type 2 diabetics, especially with limited ability to drink

Flashcard 4: In the treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia State, aggressive _____tonic saline fluids are indicated

Answer: iso

Flashcard 5: What is the treatment of Vibrio cholerae?_____

Answer: Oral rehydration therapy (with glucose and Na+)

Flashcard 6: One of the most feared complications of type 2 diabetes is _____

Answer: hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic syndrome

Flashcard 7: Kallmann syndrome

Answer: defective migration of GnRH cells

Extra: anosmia, lack of secondary sex characteristicsdecreased: GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, sperm count

Flashcard 8: Hormone profile in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (LH/FSH and Sex Steroids)

Answer: Decreased LH/FSH and decreased Testosterone/Estrogen

Extra: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (secondary hypogonadism) is characterized by low gonadotropins (LH, FSH) which leads to low sex steroid production. Contrast with Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (primary): High LH/FSH, low sex steroids.

Flashcard 9: Hormonal profile in primary hypogonadism:

Answer: Increased LH, Decreased Testosterone

Extra: In primary hypogonadism (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), the problem is at the level of the testes. Loss of negative feedback from testosterone leads to a compensatory rise in LH (and FSH).

Flashcard 10: What is the basic defect in Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

Answer: Defect in androgen receptor

Extra: • Genotype: 46, XY (Normal male) • Phenotype: Female external genitalia, rudimentary/blind-pouch vagina, absent uterus/tubes (due to MIF). • Gonads: Internal testes (often in labia/inguinal canal). • Labs: Increased Testosterone, LH, and Estrogen. • Clinical: Scant sexual hair (distinguishes from Mullerian agenesis).