ACS — Flashcards
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What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in an anterolateral myocardial infarction? _____
Hint: 2
The second most common artery involved in a myocardial infarction is the _____
Unstable angina is characterized by chest pain that occurs during _____
Treatment of acute coronary syndromes (e.g. unstable angina, STEMI, NSTEMI) often includes antiplatelet therapy such as _____
What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in a lateral myocardial infarction? _____
Hint: 2
The most important treatment for STEMI is _____ therapy, such as angioplasty (preferred) or fibrinolysis
Myocardial infarct with occlusion of the _____ coronary artery may present with bradycardia and/or heart block
Nitrates should be avoided in _____-sided myocardial infarction
In the first 6 hours, _____ is the gold standard for diagnosis of myocardial infarction
One complication that may occur during the first 4 hours post-MI is _____, which occurs due to lack of blood flow to vital organs
ACS US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master ACS with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
ACS Flashcard Deck - 135 Cards
Flashcard 1: What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in an anterolateral myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: V5 - V6
Extra: 1. Left anterior descending artery (45%): infarction of the anterior wall and anterior septum of the LV 2. Right coronary artery: infarction of the posterior wall, posterior septum, and papillary muscles** of the LV 3. Left circumflex artery: infarction of the lateral wall of the LV **papillary muscle rupture may often cause mitral regurgitation Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: The second most common artery involved in a myocardial infarction is the _____
Answer: right coronary artery
Extra: 1. Left anterior descending artery (45%): infarction of the anterior wall and anterior septum of the LV 2. Right coronary artery: infarction of the posterior wall, posterior septum, and papillary muscles** of the LV 3. Left circumflex artery: infarction of the lateral wall of the LV **papillary muscle rupture may often cause mitral regurgitation Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: Unstable angina is characterized by chest pain that occurs during _____
Answer: rest
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: Treatment of acute coronary syndromes (e.g. unstable angina, STEMI, NSTEMI) often includes antiplatelet therapy such as _____
Answer: aspirin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in a lateral myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: I, aVL
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: The most important treatment for STEMI is _____ therapy, such as angioplasty (preferred) or fibrinolysis
Answer: reperfusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: Myocardial infarct with occlusion of the _____ coronary artery may present with bradycardia and/or heart block
Answer: right
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: Nitrates should be avoided in _____-sided myocardial infarction
Answer: right
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Nitrates) Watch Nitrates [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-vasoactive-nitrates?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki - The right heart needs more fluid, not less via venodilation
Flashcard 9: In the first 6 hours, _____ is the gold standard for diagnosis of myocardial infarction
Answer: ECG
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: One complication that may occur during the first 4 hours post-MI is _____, which occurs due to lack of blood flow to vital organs
Answer: cardiogenic shock
Extra: * Can occur with RCA or LAD occlusion * decreased CO due to decreased force of contraction by the damaged LV myocardial tissue, thus vital organs do not receive normal blood flow Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Treatment of acute coronary syndromes often includes _____ inhibitors to decrease left ventricular dilation
Answer: ACE
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: Ventricular _____ is a contained free wall rupture that may occur 3 - 14 days post-MI
Answer: pseudo-aneurysm
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: Troponin I levels return to normal _____ after an MI
Answer: 7-10 days
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: The major determinant of whether or not a coronary artery plaque will cause ischemic myocardial injury is the rate of _____
Answer: arterial occlusion
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=1] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: Unstable angina has a high risk of progression to _____
Answer: myocardial infarction
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: One less common cause of myocardial infarction is coronary artery _____ (e.g. vasospastic angina, cocaine use)
Answer: vasospasm
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: One complication that may occur 3 - 5 days post-MI is _____, which causes a ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Answer: interventricular septal rupture
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki Subaortic ventricular septal defect Gross pathology of the heart (longitudinal section through the left ventricle) An oval hole with a diameter of ∼1 cm (2) can be seen on the upper left margin of the ventricular septum (1) just below the aorta (3). The aorta has been incised and is recognizable by its pale, smooth structure and the way it branches off into the coronary arteries (circles). The mitral valves (4) with the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae (5) can be seen on the right. The location of the hole within the septum is characteristic of subaortic ventricular septal defect.
Flashcard 18: _____ is a complication that may occur months after an MI and increases risk for mural thrombus
Answer: True ventricular aneurysm
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Aortic dissection may present with sudden sharp, tearing _____ pain that radiates to the _____
Answer: chest
Extra: Watch Aortic Dissection [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-dissection?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 20: Myocardial infarction often presents with severe crushing chest pain lasting _____ minutes that radiates to the left arm or jaw
Answer: > 20
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: One complication that may occur 3 - 5 days post-MI is _____, which often causes mitral regurgitation
Answer: papillary muscle rupture
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki Papillary muscle rupture Photograph of a heart at autopsy (close-up of the left ventricle in longitudinal section) The posteromedial papillary muscle of the mitral valve has ruptured and almost completely detached from its ventricular attachment. This is the characteristic appearance of papillary muscle rupture, a complication of myocardial infarction. The posteromedial papillary muscle is supplied by the posterior descending artery and is susceptible to ischemia and rupture in individuals with critical occlusion of this artery. Ruptured papillary muscle Photograph of a heart at autopsy (close-up of the left ventricle in longitudinal section) The anterolateral papillary muscle of the mitral valve has avulsed from its ventricular attachment. The posteromedial papillary muscle is mostly intact, except for a small area of ischemic necrosis near its attachment to the chordae tendinae. The chordae tendinae are the white strings connecting the papillary muscles to the mitral valve. This is the characteristic appearance of papillary muscle rupture, a complication of myocardial infarction. → acute onset of pulmonary edema, hypotension, dyspnea/tachypnea, and soft systolic murmur (MR)
Flashcard 22: What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in a posterior myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: V7 - V9
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: What heart chamber is most commonly affected by myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: Left ventricle
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: Initial treatment of acute coronary syndrome includes MONA (MONA greets chest pain patients at the door) - M_____ - Oxygen - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin
Answer: orphine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: _____ is chest pain due to myocardial ischemia (secondary to coronary artery narrowing or spasm)
Answer: Angina
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: "_____" describes the period of the hours to days after an MI when contractility is low in the heart
Answer: Myocardial stunning
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: CK-MB levels rise _____ hours after an MI and peak at 16-24 hours
Answer: 6-12
Extra: * Troponin I rises 2-4 hours after an MI Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in an anteroseptal myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: V1 - V2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: Diagnosis of a current or previous myocardial infarction may be aided by the presence of pathologic _____ waves on ECG
Answer: Q
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: The initial phase of myocardial infarction (subendocardial infarcts) shows ST-segment _____ on ECG
Answer: depression
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: Troponin I levels rise _____ hours after an MI and peak at 24 hours
Answer: 2-4
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: Aortic dissection may result in _____ into the mediastinum, causing fatal hemorrhage
Answer: rupture
Extra: Watch Aortic Dissection [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-dissection?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 33: What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in an inferior myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: II, III, aVF
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki 3 bottom most
Flashcard 34: Which artery is associated with anteroapical myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: Distal left anterior descending (LAD) artery
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: What class of drugs may be used for reperfusion therapy for STEMI when PCI is not available? _____
Answer: Thrombolytics
Extra: Watch Thrombolytics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anticoagulants-and-thrombolytics-thrombolytics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: _____ is a cardiac biomarker that is useful for detecting reinfarction following acute MI
Answer: CK-MB
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: Vaso-occlusive infarcts in the pulmonary microcirculation due to sickle cell anemia causes _____
Answer: acute chest syndrome
Extra: Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 38: _____ syndrome is an autoimmune complication that may occur several weeks (6-8) after an MI
Answer: Dressler
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Which artery is typically associated with inferior myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: Right coronary artery (RCA)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: Myocardial infarction is often due to rupture of atherosclerotic plaque with _____ and complete occlusion of a coronary artery
Answer: thrombosis
Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: _____ pulmonary emboli may cause sudden death
Answer: Large saddle
Extra: Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: In regards to myocardial infarction complications, LV hypertrophy and previous MI protect against _____ rupture
Answer: ventricular free wall
Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: Epigastric pain and vomiting can be atypical presentations of _____
Answer: acute coronary syndrome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: _____ results from a(n) reduced resting coronary blood flow and presents with worsening angina or angina at rest
Answer: Unstable angina pectoris
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: Treatment of non-massive PE is _____
Answer: Xa inhibitor (acute and long term)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient on post-MI day 3 that presents with sudden-onset pulmonary edema, hypotension, and a systolic murmur (cardiac apex)? _____
Answer: Papillary muscle rupture
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: Myocardial infarction often presents with severe crushing chest pain lasting _____ minutes that radiates to the left arm or jaw
Answer: > 20
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: - Unstable angina and NSTEMI = _____% occlusion - STEMI = _____% occlusion
Answer: 90
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: Which leads have ST elevation in an anterior myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: Some or all of leads V1-V6
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: What complications following an acute MI produce a new holosystolic murmur? 1. _____ 2. _____
Answer: Papillary muscle rupture (MR murmur at the apex)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: _____ is a cardiac biomarker that is useful for detecting reinfarction following acute MI
Answer: CK-MB
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: Chest pain at rest or with ↑ intensity with exertion = _____ angina
Answer: unstable
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with chest pain and a new left bundle branch block on ECG? _____
Answer: Acute MI
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Flashcard 54: Inferior MI and hypotension and distended neck veins = _____ infarction
Answer: right ventricular
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Asthma exacerbation with poor response to albuterol/ipratropium nebs, IV steroids, magnesium, continuous albuterol nebulizer; later no wheezing and blood gases showing hypercapnic respiratory failure and hypoxemia? Management? _____
Answer: Severe air trapping/no air movement → silent chest/no wheezing → status asmaticus Intubate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: Hypotension and distended neck veins + clear lungs = _____ infarction
Answer: right ventricular
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: An infarction of the _____ may result in:
Answer: LCX
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Which lead(s) gives information about posterior wall infarctions? _____
Answer: V1 and V2 (tall R waves and ST depression)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: Nitrates should be avoided in _____-sided myocardial infarction
Answer: right
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: Pathologic Q waves are only seen late after a(n) _____
Answer: STEMI
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: Which leads have ST elevation in an inferior myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: II, III, and aVF
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: One contraindication to tPA administration in stroke patients is BP > _____ mmHg
Answer: 185/110
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: Substernal pressure/squeezing/crushing on chest is suggestive of _____
Answer: angina
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Aspirin therapy reduces the frequency of unstable anginal episodes _____
Answer: F
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: _____ strokes are more common
Answer: Ischemic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: One complication that may occur ~ 3-5 days post-MI is _____, which often causes mitral regurgitation
Answer: papillary muscle rupture
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Young smoker with episodic chest pain worse at night + transient ST-segment elevation = _____
Answer: Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) angina
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: (+) stress test and unstable angina is managed with _____
Answer: cardiac catheterization
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: The best initial diagnostic test for chest pain is a(n) _____
Answer: ECG
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: What tests should be ordered to workup post-op chest pain? (2) _____
Answer: ECG, troponin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: 1-2 vessel occluded = _____ > 3 vessels occluded or left main coronary dysfunction = _____
Answer: PCI
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: Use tPA if cath lab cannot be reached within _____ minutes
Answer: 90
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: Non-STEMI is differentiated from unstable angina by _____
Answer: cardiac troponin testing
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in a lateral myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: I, aVL
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: An infarction of the _____ may result in:
Answer: RCA
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: Should someone with ST segment elevation and widened mediastinum get thrombolytics? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: _____ angina = chest pain during exertion and relieved with rest _____ angina = chest pain during rest or ↑ frequency/intensity with minimal exertion
Answer: Stable
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: Is aspirin given before or after tPA for MI? _____
Answer: Before
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: What is atypical angina? _____
Answer: 2/3 characteristics of classic angina
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: Patient presents with chest pain and ST depressions on ECG with either: (-) troponins: _____ (+) troponins: _____
Answer: Angina (unstable or stable)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: _____ = reinfarction
Answer: CK-MB
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: Treatment for a(n) myocardial infarction can be remembered with the mnemonic "MONA BASH" M_____ O_____ N_____ A_____ Beta-blockers ACE inhibitors Statins Heparin (Enoxaparin)
Answer: orphine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: ECG shows STEMI → _____
Answer: cardiac catheterization
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: ECG (-) STEMI → _____
Answer: cardiac enzymes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Which four acute MI treatments have been shown to reduce mortality, and should thus be part of maintenance therapy? _____
Answer: Statin Aspirin β-blockers ACE inhibitors
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: What is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for stable angina? Statins and Aspirin → help prevent cardiovascular events _____-blockers → reduce myocardial oxygen demand Nitrates → treat acute anginal symptoms by decreasing preload
Answer: β
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: What is the initial treatment for acute hyponatremic encephalopathy (e.g. headache, nausea/vomiting, AMS)? _____
Answer: Hypertonic (3%) saline
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: _____ stroke patients = permissive hypertension
Answer: Ischemic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: Sharp, tearing chest / back pain = _____ Pleuritic chest pain = _____
Answer: aortic dissection
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: _____ may result in:
Answer: Past STEMI
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: What is the most common cause of death in adult sickle cell anemia patients? _____
Answer: Acute chest syndrome
Flashcard 92: The antibody-heparin-PF4 complex may activate _____, leading to thrombosis and thrombocytopenia
Answer: platelets
Flashcard 93: Acute chest syndrome in patients with sickle cell anemia is often precipitated by _____
Answer: pneumonia
Flashcard 94: In the setting of acute MI, aspirin should be administered in a _____ form
Answer: chewable
Flashcard 95: Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease have a higher risk of having an _____ than critical limb ischemia
Answer: MI
Flashcard 96: What complication of sickle cell anemia presents with chest pain, SOB, and lung infiltrates? _____
Answer: Acute chest syndrome
Flashcard 97: What leads (2) show ST elevations or Q waves in a lateral myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: I, aVL
Flashcard 98: One less common cause of myocardial infarction is coronary artery _____ (e.g. vasospastic angina, cocaine use)
Answer: vasospasm
Flashcard 99: Cardiovascular Nitrates are useful in treatment of acute _____ syndromes
Answer: coronary
Flashcard 100: Which artery is associated with lateral myocardial infarction?_____
Answer: Left circumflex (LCX) artery
Flashcard 101: Diagnosis of a current or previous myocardial infarction may be aided by the presence of pathologic _____ waves on ECG
Answer: Q
Flashcard 102: Treatment of acute coronary syndromes often includes supplemental _____ to minimize ischemia
Answer: O2
Flashcard 103: What leads (1) show ST elevations or Q waves in a Left Main (LCA) myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: aVR
Flashcard 104: The later phase of myocardial infarction (transmural infarcts) shows ST-segment _____ and Q waves on EKG
Answer: elevation
Flashcard 105: What leads (2) show ST elevations or Q waves in an anteroseptal myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: V1 - V2
Flashcard 106: What EKG findings (2) are associated with unstable angina? _____
Answer: ST-segment depression and/or T-wave inversion
Flashcard 107: What leads show ST elevations or Q waves in a posterior myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: V7 - V9
Flashcard 108: The third most common artery involved in a myocardial infarction is the _____
Answer: left circumflex artery
Flashcard 109: Which artery is associated with posterior myocardial infarction?_____
Answer: Posterior descending artery (PDA)
Flashcard 110: What is the most sensitive and specific cardiac biomarker used for diagnosis of myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: Troponin I
Flashcard 111: Large myocardial infarctions lead to _____ elevations in troponin I and CK-MB
Answer: greater
Flashcard 112: One complication that may occur during the first 4 hours post-MI is _____, which occurs due to lack of blood flow to vital organs
Answer: cardiogenic shock
Flashcard 113: Nitrates should be avoided in _____-sided myocardial infarction
Answer: right
Flashcard 114: The second most common artery involved in a myocardial infarction is the _____
Answer: right coronary artery
Flashcard 115: Troponin I levels return to normal _____ after an MI
Answer: 7-10 days
Flashcard 116: CK-MB levels return to normal _____ after an MI
Answer: 48-72 hours
Flashcard 117: PCI is ideally performed within _____ hours in the setting of acute STEMI
Answer: 2
Flashcard 118: _____ syndrome is an autoimmune complication that may occur several weeks (6-8) after an MI
Answer: Dressler
Flashcard 119: Which artery is associated with anteroseptal myocardial infarction?_____
Answer: Left anterior descending (LAD) artery
Flashcard 120: What leads (3) show ST elevations or Q waves in an inferior myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: II, III, aVF
Flashcard 121: Which artery is typically associated with inferior myocardial infarction?_____
Answer: Right coronary artery (RCA)
Flashcard 122: Unstable angina is characterized by chest pain that occurs during _____
Answer: rest
Flashcard 123: Myocardial infarction may present with _____ due to pulmonary congestion and edema
Answer: dyspnea
Flashcard 124: The acute form of ventricular free wall rupture usually leads to _____
Answer: sudden death
Flashcard 125: What EKG findings are associated with stable angina? _____
Answer: ST-segment depression (subendocardial ischemia)
Flashcard 126: Which arteries (2) may be associated with anterolateral myocardial infarction?_____
Answer: LAD or LCX
Flashcard 127: Myocardial infarction most commonly involves the _____ artery (45%)
Answer: left anterior descending (LAD)
Flashcard 128: Unstable angina has a high risk of progression to _____
Answer: myocardial infarction
Flashcard 129: What heart chamber is most commonly affected by myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: Left ventricle
Flashcard 130: What is the preferred reperfusion therapy for STEMI? _____
Answer: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Flashcard 131: What leads (2) show ST elevations or Q waves in an anteroapical myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: V3 - V4
Flashcard 132: What leads (2) show ST elevations or Q waves in an anterolateral myocardial infarction? _____
Answer: V5 - V6
Flashcard 133: What is the leading cause of death in a patient with diabetes mellitus?_____
Answer: Heart attack (MI)
Flashcard 134: In regards to myocardial infarction complications, LV hypertrophy and previous MI protect against _____ rupture
Answer: ventricular free wall
Flashcard 135: What class of drugs may be used for reperfusion therapy for STEMI when PCI is not available? _____
Answer: Thrombolytics
Keywords: ACS flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
ACS pathophysiology and classification
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STEMI diagnosis and management
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NSTEMI diagnosis and management
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Unstable angina
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Cardiac biomarkers
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ECG interpretation in ACS
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Reperfusion strategies
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Antiplatelet therapy
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Anticoagulation in ACS
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Complications of MI
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Secondary prevention
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Special populations (elderly, renal dysfunction)
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Risk stratification in ACS
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