Study Design — Flashcards

Flashcard 121: What type of bias occurs when patients change their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed? _____

Answer: Hawthorne bias

Flashcard 122: _____ studies are observational studies that compare a group of people with disease to a group without disease

Answer: Case-control

Flashcard 123: For a chronic disease, how are prevalence and incidence related? _____

Answer: Prevalence > Incidence

Flashcard 124: Why does Generalizability bias matter? _____

Answer: Because patients in tertiary centers are usually highly selected

Flashcard 125: Accidents are the _____ leading cause of death in children

Answer: 1st

Flashcard 126: In the United States, cancer is the **second** leading cause of death in which age groups?

Answer: 1–14, 25–44, and ≥65 years

Extra: Leading causes of death in the US (CDC/First Aid): • **<1 year:** Congenital malformations • **1–44 years:** Unintentional injury (#1). Cancer is #2 for groups 1–14 and 25–44. • **45–64 years:** Cancer (#1), Heart disease (#2). • **≥65 years:** Heart disease (#1), Cancer (#2).

Flashcard 127: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the _____ leading cause of death in adults

Answer: 1st

Flashcard 128: Are case-control studies useful for measuring incidence and/or prevalence? _____

Answer: Neither

Flashcard 129: What is the most common cause of death in individuals aged 1–44 years?

Answer: Unintentional injury

Flashcard 130: Odds are the _____ of the probability of having an event to the probability of not having

Answer: ratio