Competing risks — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: What is the formula for calculating **Attributable Risk** (AR)?

Answer: AR = [a / (a + b)] – [c / (c + d)] (Incidence in exposed – Incidence in unexposed)

Extra: Attributable Risk (AR) is the difference in risk between the exposed group and the unexposed group. In a standard 2x2 table: • a = Exposed, Disease (+) • b = Exposed, Disease (-) • c = Unexposed, Disease (+) • d = Unexposed, Disease (-) AR = [a / (a + b)] – [c / (c + d)]

Flashcard 2: _____ risk is defined as the difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups

Answer: Attributable

Flashcard 3: Are cohort studies useful for measuring incidence and/or prevalence? _____

Answer: Incidence

Flashcard 4: If relative risk _____ 1, exposure is associated with increased disease occurence

Answer: >

Flashcard 5: An incidence density rate (IDR) measures the _____ of disease occurrence in a population.

Answer: Instantaneous rate (velocity)

Flashcard 6: If 21% of smokers develop lung cancer versus only 1% of nonsmokers, the attributable risk = _____

Answer: 20

Flashcard 7: If relative risk _____ 1, there is no association between exposure and disease

Answer: =

Flashcard 8: What kind of study compares a group with an exposure to another group without an exposure and looks for differences in disease outcomes between the two groups.

Answer: Cohort study

Flashcard 9: Explain how a cohort study works.

Answer: Compares a group with an exposure to another group without an exposure and looks for differences in disease outcomes between the two groups.

Flashcard 10: What is the primary measure of association used in a cohort study?

Answer: Relative Risk (RR)

Extra: Cohort studies compare the incidence of disease in an exposed group vs. a non-exposed group to determine the Relative Risk (RR). In contrast: - Case-control studies use the Odds Ratio (OR). - Cross-sectional studies use Prevalence.