Cohort studies — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: What kind of study compares a group with an exposure to another group without an exposure and looks for differences in disease outcomes between the two groups.

Answer: Cohort study

Flashcard 2: Explain how a cohort study works.

Answer: Compares a group with an exposure to another group without an exposure and looks for differences in disease outcomes between the two groups.

Flashcard 3: What is the unit for measuring outcomes in a cohort study?

Answer: relative risk (RR)

Flashcard 4: Lung cancer risk is directly related to the duration and the amount of smoking, which is measured in '_____'

Answer: pack-years

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 5: The Case Fatality Rate = (_____) / (# of individuals with disease at t0)

Answer: # of individuals who die from disease during T0->T+1

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 6: What is the equation for attributable risk percent in the exposed (ARPexposed)? _____

Answer: ARPexposed = 100 x [(RR-1)/RR]

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biostatistics/videos/risk-quantification?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 7: Construct a 2x2 table and calculate the risk ratio _____

Answer:

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/risk/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 8: If 21% of smokers develop lung cancer versus only 1% of nonsmokers, the attributable risk = _____

Answer: 20

Flashcard 9: Cancer is the _____ leading cause of death in both adults and children

Answer: 2nd

Flashcard 10: _____ risk is defined as the difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups

Answer: Attributable

Flashcard 11: What is the most common cause of death in from 45 - 64 years old? _____

Answer: Cancer

Flashcard 12: Which type of observational study can be retro- or prospective? _____

Answer: Cohort study

Flashcard 13: Cumulative incidence = (# of new cases over a specific period) / (number of people at risk at the _____ of the period)

Answer: beginning

Flashcard 14: In noncommunicable chronic diseases, the latent period may be _____

Answer: long

Flashcard 15: If 21% of smokers develop lung cancer versus only 1% of nonsmokers, the relative risk = _____

Answer: 21

Flashcard 16: If relative risk _____ 1, there is no association between exposure and disease

Answer: =

Flashcard 17: _____ studies are observational studies that compares groups with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure

Answer: Cohort

Flashcard 18: What equation is used to calculate attributable risk using the table below?_____

Answer:

Flashcard 19: If relative risk _____ 1, exposure is associated with increased disease occurence

Answer: >

Flashcard 20: _____ studies are useful for calculating relative risk (RR)

Answer: Cohort

Flashcard 21: What is the equation for attributable risk percent in the exposed (ARPexposed)?_____

Answer: ARPexposed = 100 x [(RR-1)/RR]

Flashcard 22: Excluding skin cancer, which of the listed three demographics count the incidence of the following cancers as their top 3 most common in the United States?_____

Answer: Children (Men, Women, or Children (age 0-14)?)

Flashcard 23: A survival cohort describes the past history of _____, and thus introduces bias into the results (this is seen in Retrospective Case Series)

Answer: prevalent cases

Flashcard 24: An incidence density rate (IDR) measures the _____ of the disease in a population at a given point in time

Answer: instanteous rate of speed

Flashcard 25: Are cohort studies useful for measuring incidence and/or prevalence? _____

Answer: Incidence

Flashcard 26: If relative risk _____ 1, exposure is associated with decreased disease occurence

Answer: <