PI3K-Akt pathway — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: mTOR is a _____

Answer: protooncogene (protooncogene or tumorsuppressor?)

Flashcard 2: Tumor suppressor genes _____ cell growth

Answer: regulate

Flashcard 3: What type of receptor do growth hormones use for their signaling pathways? _____

Answer: Receptor associated tyrosine kinases

Flashcard 4: What type of oncogene is ABL?_____

Answer: Tyrosine kinase (signal transducer)

Flashcard 5: NADPH oxidase

Answer: respiratory burst

Extra: O2O2-

Flashcard 6: Give the pathway by which glucagon/Epi regulate glycogen.

Answer: Glucagon/Epinephrine → Adenylyl cyclase → cAMP → Protein kinase A → Glycogen phosphorylase kinase → Glycogen phosphorylase

Flashcard 7: Give the pathway by which insulin regulates glycogen.

Answer: Insulin → Tyrosine kinase receptor → Activation of Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) → Dephosphorylation (inactivation) of glycogen phosphorylase & glycogen phosphorylase kinase AND dephosphorylation (activation) of glycogen synthase.

Extra: Insulin leads to the activation of glycogen synthase (promoting glycogenesis) and inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (inhibiting glycogenolysis) via Protein Phosphatase 1.

Flashcard 8: If an enyzme is a kinase, what do you know about its function?

Answer: uses ATP to add phosphate group to substrate

Flashcard 9: How does a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) work?

Answer: 1. Antigen (from the patient's sample) is fixed directly to the well plate. 2. A primary antibody linked to an enzyme is added. 3. A substrate is added; the enzyme-linked antibody-antigen complex produces a color change.

Flashcard 10: What is the function of cyclin proteins?

Answer: regulate cell cycle; concentrations are cyclic and phase-dependent, complex with and activate CDKs