Vulnerable populations in research — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: _____ is a type of conditioning where a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward

Answer: Operant conditioning

Flashcard 2: What is the peak incidence (age) for sexual abuse? _____

Answer: 9 - 12 years old

Flashcard 3: The prioritization of positive effects (comfort) over negative effects (respiratory depression) is called the _____.

Answer: principle of double effect

Flashcard 4: Which stage of change is characterized by not yet acknowledging that there is a problem? _____

Answer: Precontemplation

Flashcard 5: Neurons of the _____ cortex are involved in organizing and planning the intellectual and emotional aspects of behavior

Answer: prefrontal

Flashcard 6: What is the pharmacological treatment for severe or persistent sleepwalking?

Answer: Benzodiazepines (e.g., Diazepam)

Extra: - Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) occurs during Stage N3 (slow-wave sleep). - Benzodiazepines decrease Stage N3 sleep, thereby reducing the frequency of sleepwalking episodes. - Most cases do not require pharmacological treatment unless dangerous or frequent.

Flashcard 7: imprinting (genetics)

Answer: gene expression and phenotype is dependent on the sex of the parent of origin

Flashcard 8: What is the enzyme deficiency in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?

Answer: Deficiency of HGPRT (Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphorosyltransferase) enzyme leading to hyperuricemia.

Extra: - Inheritance: X-linked recessive (XR) - Presentation: Intellectual disability, self-mutilation (e.g., lip/finger biting), aggression, gout, and choreoathetosis. - Pathophysiology: Impaired purine salvage pathway results in build-up of hypoxanthine and guanine, converted to uric acid.

Flashcard 9: Patient is not adherent to prescribed treatment.

Answer: Attempt to identify the patient's reasons for nonadherence and determine his/her willingness to change; do not coerce patient or refer them to a different physician.

Flashcard 10: Patient desires an unnecessary procedure.

Answer: Attempt to understand why the patient wants the procedure and address underlying concerns. Do not refuse to see the patient or refer them to another physician. However, avoid unnecessary procedures.