P-values and confidence intervals — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: In the united states, the majority of overdose deaths are caused by _____

Answer: opioids

Flashcard 2: Which stage of change is characterized by changing behaviors? _____

Answer: Action/will power

Flashcard 3: The prioritization of positive effects (comfort) over negative effects (respiratory depression) is called the _____.

Answer: principle of double effect

Flashcard 4: Which stage of change is characterized by returning to old behaviors and abandoning new changes? _____

Answer: Relapse (does not always happen)

Flashcard 5: Which stage of change is characterized by maintaining the behavioral changes? _____

Answer: Maintenance

Flashcard 6: What is the pharmacological treatment for severe or persistent sleepwalking?

Answer: Benzodiazepines (e.g., Diazepam)

Extra: - Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) occurs during Stage N3 (slow-wave sleep). - Benzodiazepines decrease Stage N3 sleep, thereby reducing the frequency of sleepwalking episodes. - Most cases do not require pharmacological treatment unless dangerous or frequent.

Flashcard 7: imprinting (genetics)

Answer: gene expression and phenotype is dependent on the sex of the parent of origin

Flashcard 8: What is the enzyme deficiency in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?

Answer: Deficiency of HGPRT (Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphorosyltransferase) enzyme leading to hyperuricemia.

Extra: - Inheritance: X-linked recessive (XR) - Presentation: Intellectual disability, self-mutilation (e.g., lip/finger biting), aggression, gout, and choreoathetosis. - Pathophysiology: Impaired purine salvage pathway results in build-up of hypoxanthine and guanine, converted to uric acid.

Flashcard 9: Patient is not adherent to prescribed treatment.

Answer: Attempt to identify the patient's reasons for nonadherence and determine his/her willingness to change; do not coerce patient or refer them to a different physician.

Flashcard 10: Patient desires an unnecessary procedure.

Answer: Attempt to understand why the patient wants the procedure and address underlying concerns. Do not refuse to see the patient or refer them to another physician. However, avoid unnecessary procedures.