Orthopaedics & MSK — Flashcards

Flashcard 371: Function of the _____ may be assessed by testing resisted external rotation of the shoulder.

Answer: infraspinatus

Extra: The infraspinatus is one of the four rotator cuff muscles. Its primary action is external rotation of the humerus. It is innervated by the suprascapular nerve (C5-C6).

Flashcard 372: The initial (first-line) investigation for suspected ACL injuries is _____ to rule out fractures.

Answer: X-ray

Flashcard 373: **Painful Arc Test** 1. Passive abduction of patient's arm to _____° 2. Patient asked to lower their arm slowly Pain at 120-180° indicates Acromioclavicular (AC) joint pathology Pain at 60-120° indicates Subacromial impingement (e.g., Supraspinatus tendinitis)

Answer: 180

Extra: The arc between 120° and 180° is often referred to as the 'high painful arc' and is specifically associated with the AC joint. The mid-arc (60-120°) corresponds to the space under the acromion where the rotator cuff (supraspinatus) and bursa are compressed.

Flashcard 374: What is the management for an **acute/traumatic** suspected rotator cuff tear? _____

Answer: Refer urgently (2 week pathway) for surgical review

Extra: Acute traumatic tears (especially in symbols/younger patients) warrant urgent surgical assessment to prevent functional loss and fatty infiltration of the muscle. Chronic/degenerative tears are usually managed with physiotherapy first.

Flashcard 375: The _____ test is performed by:\n1) Full flexion of the knee\n2) Rotation of the tibia (Internal for lateral meniscus, External for medial)\n3) Followed by extension of the knee while maintaining valgus/varus stress.

Answer: McMurray

Flashcard 376: Initial investigation for a suspected meniscal tear: _____ (to rule out bony pathology).

Answer: X-ray knee

Extra: In clinical orthopaedics, the "initial" investigation refers to the first test performed (X-ray), while the "investigation of choice" or "gold standard" is MRI.

Flashcard 377: If gram stain and culture of bursal fluid in a patient with prepatellar bursitis is positive, what are the next steps in management? _____

Answer: Drainage and systemic antibiotics

Flashcard 378: Septic bursitis usually occurs in _____ individuals.

Answer: immunocompromised

Flashcard 379: What is the management for high ankle sprains? _____

Answer: In general, non-weight bearing orthosis/cast or surgical approach

Flashcard 380: Complications of sprains or strains occurs in _____ injuries and injures not properly treated/rehabilitated

Answer: severe