Endocrinology & Diabetes — Flashcards

Flashcard 11: The conversion of oral codeine to oral morphine is _____ (conservative estimate)

Answer: divide by 10

Extra: Codeine is a prodrug converted to morphine by CYP2D6. The standard conversion ratio is 1/10 to 1/6 for oral codeine to oral morphine. Dividing by 10 is a common conservative rule of thumb for rotating opioids.

Flashcard 12: _____ may be useful in patients with resistant problems in diabetic neuropathy

Answer: Pain Management Clinics

Flashcard 13: _____ is the most common cause of secondary hypertension overall.

Answer: Renal parenchymal disease

Extra: Renal parenchymal disease is often cited as the overall most common cause of secondary hypertension in many clinical guidelines, followed by renovascular disease and Primary Hyperaldosteronism. However, among endocrine causes, Primary Hyperaldosteronism is the most common. Primary Hyperaldosteronism is characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia (though often absent), and suppressed renin levels.

Flashcard 14: A subarachnoid hemorrhage can irritate or damage the hypothalamus and pituitary gland causing _____

Answer: SIADH

Flashcard 15: The breakthrough dose of morphine is _____ the daily dose of morphine

Answer: one-sixth

Flashcard 16: Aspirin can potentiate: _____

Answer: sulfonylureas Warfarin Steroids

Flashcard 17: Where is Adrenaline released from naturally _____

Answer: the medulla of the adrenal glands

Flashcard 18: Adrenaline acts on β adrenergic receptors to stimulate _____ whilst also stimulating ACTH and stimulating lipolysis by adipose tissue

Answer: glucagon secretion in pancreas

Flashcard 19: The action of Adrenaline on α1 adrenoreceptors is _____

Answer: increased vasoconstriction, pupil dilation and urethral sphincter contraction

Flashcard 20: Adrenaline acts on α adrenergic receptors to inhibit _____ by the pancreas and stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, while also stimulating glycolysis in muscle.

Answer: insulin secretion