Renal Physiology — Flashcards
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What formula is used to calculate clearance? _____
What equation may be used to calculate free-water clearance (CH2O)? _____
The fraction of filtered water absorbed may be measured using the equation: _____
Reabsorption of Na+ in the collecting duct creates a _____ luminal potential that facilitates K+ excretion
In the lumen of the early PCT, H2CO3 is converted into _____ and CO2 via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase IV
The _____ limb (loop of Henle) is impermeable to Na+
_____ -osmotic urine is produced when the circulating levels of ADH are low
_____ is a hormone that inhibits Na+-phosphate cotransport in the proximal tubule
_____ is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time
The _____ ratio is used as a marker for water reabsorption along the nephron
Renal Physiology Indian Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Renal Physiology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Renal Physiology Flashcard Deck - 128 Cards
Flashcard 1: What formula is used to calculate clearance? _____
Answer:
Flashcard 2: What equation may be used to calculate free-water clearance (CH2O)? _____
Answer:
Flashcard 3: The fraction of filtered water absorbed may be measured using the equation: _____
Answer:
Flashcard 4: Reabsorption of Na+ in the collecting duct creates a _____ luminal potential that facilitates K+ excretion
Answer: negative
Flashcard 5: In the lumen of the early PCT, H2CO3 is converted into _____ and CO2 via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase IV
Answer: H2O
Flashcard 6: The _____ limb (loop of Henle) is impermeable to Na+
Answer: thin descending
Flashcard 7: _____ -osmotic urine is produced when the circulating levels of ADH are low
Answer: Hypo
Flashcard 8: _____ is a hormone that inhibits Na+-phosphate cotransport in the proximal tubule
Answer: PTH
Flashcard 9: _____ is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time
Answer: Renal clearance
Flashcard 10: The _____ ratio is used as a marker for water reabsorption along the nephron
Answer: [TF/P]inulin
Flashcard 11: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect characterized by a defect in the thick ascending limb (of Henle) (location) of the nephron
Answer: Bartter
Flashcard 12: If Cx _____ GFR, there is net tubular reabsorption of X
Answer: <
Flashcard 13: ACE inhibitors and ARBs primarily cause _____ of the efferent arteriole of the kidney
Answer: dilation
Flashcard 14: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by _____ or elevated levels of ADH
Answer: normal
Flashcard 15: When CH2O is _____, urine is hyper-osmotic relative to plasma
Answer: negative
Flashcard 16: _____ levels of angiotensin II primarily causes vasoconstriction of the renal efferent arterioles
Answer: Low (normal)
Flashcard 17: _____ is a neurotransmitter that may be secreted by cells of the PCT of the nephron
Answer: Dopamine
Flashcard 18: The _____ and thick ascending limbs (loop of Henle) are impermeable to water
Answer: thin
Flashcard 19: An _____ in the filtration fraction is associated with a decrease in the Glomerular Filtration Rate.
Answer: increase
Flashcard 20: A _____ shift in renal pressure natriuresis curve is caused by angiotensin II by increasing Na and water retention
Answer: rightward
Flashcard 21: The effects of ECF volume _____ on the Starling forces result in decreased fractional reabsorption of isosmotic fluid in the proximal tubule
Answer: expansion
Flashcard 22: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect that increases activity of the epithelial Na+ channel
Answer: Liddle
Flashcard 23: _____ clearance can be used to calculate GFR because it is freely filtered and is not reabsorbed or secreted
Answer: Inulin
Flashcard 24: Prostaglandins _____ and I2 cause vaso-dilation of both afferent and efferent arterioles in the kidney
Answer: E2
Flashcard 25: The _____ cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct secrete H+
Answer: -intercalated
Flashcard 26: PTH acts on the kidney to increase renal _____ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
Answer: calcium
Flashcard 27: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect characterized by a generalized reabsorptive defect in the PCT (location) of the nephron
Answer: Fanconi
Flashcard 28: The _____ is the site of action of loop diuretics
Answer: thick ascending limb (of Henle)
Flashcard 29: The _____ and outer medullary collecting ducts are permeable to H2O and impermeable to urea (ADH present)
Answer: cortical
Flashcard 30: Lactate is primarily reabsorbed in the _____ through Na+-lactate cotransport
Answer: early PCT
Flashcard 31: _____ hormone stimulates Ca2+-Na+ exchange in the basolateral membrane of distal tubule cells
Answer: Parathyroid
Flashcard 32: The _____ cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb K+
Answer: -intercalated
Flashcard 33: Prostaglandins act via a _____ mechanism to vaso-dilate the afferent arterioles
Answer: paracrine
Flashcard 34: Glucose in the cells of the PCT enter the peritubular capillary blood through _____ and GLUT2 transporters
Answer: GLUT1
Flashcard 35: The amount of H+ excreted as titratable acid depends on the amount of _____ present and the pK of the buffer
Answer: urinary buffer
Flashcard 36: In the _____ limb (loop of Henle), osmolarity of the tubular fluid decreases
Answer: thick ascending
Flashcard 37: The major solutes absorbed in the proximal tubule are _____ and NaHCO3
Answer: NaCl
Flashcard 38: Increased prostaglandin (e.g. loop diuretics) causes vaso-_____ of the afferent arteriole
Answer: dilation
Flashcard 39: The _____ and thick ascending limbs (loop of Henle) are permeable to Na+
Answer: thin
Flashcard 40: [TF/P]x _____ 1 when the solute is reabsorbed more quickly than water
Answer: <
Flashcard 41: _____ acts on renal fibroblasts to cause synthesis of the mRNA for erythropoietin
Answer: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1
Flashcard 42: Effective renal plasma flow may be estimated using the equation: eRPF = C_____ = [U]PAH * V / [P]PAH
Answer: PAH
Flashcard 43: In response to decreased Na+ delivery, the macula densa releases _____, which relaxes the afferent arterioles
Answer: PGE2
Flashcard 44: The _____ mechanism of renal autoregulation states that renal afferent arterioles contract in response to increased stretch on the arterial wall
Answer: myogenic
Flashcard 45: Citrate is primarily reabsorbed in the _____ through Na+-citrate cotransport
Answer: early PCT
Flashcard 46: The _____ pump in the luminal membrane of the -intercalated cells is stimulated by aldosterone
Answer: H+ ATPase
Flashcard 47: Renal autoregulation is primarily controlled by changing _____ of the afferent arteriole
Answer: vascular resistance
Flashcard 48: Renal blood flow (RBF) remains relatively constant between blood pressure ranges of _____ to 200 mmHg
Answer: 80
Flashcard 49: In the _____ of ADH, free-water clearance (CH2O) is negative
Answer: presence
Flashcard 50: The _____ cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb Na+ and H2O
Answer: principal
Flashcard 51: In the _____ limb (loop of Henle), osmolarity of the interstitial fluid increases ("single effect")
Answer: thick ascending
Flashcard 52: H+ secretion from -intercalated cells occurs via the luminal membrane _____ and H+-K+ ATPase pumps
Answer: H+ ATPase
Flashcard 53: H+ is secreted into the lumen of the early PCT via the _____ exchanger, where it combines with filtered HCO3-, forming H2CO3
Answer: Na+-H+
Flashcard 54: The _____ limb (loop of Henle) is permeable to water
Answer: thin descending
Flashcard 55: The major action of ADH (vasopressin) is to increase _____ of the principal cells in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Answer: water permeability (and thus reabsorption)
Flashcard 56: _____ renal tubular acidosis is due to a defect in the ability of PCT cells to reabsorb HCO3-
Answer: Proximal
Flashcard 57: Renin is responsible for the conversion of _____ to angiotensin I
Answer: angiotensinogen
Flashcard 58: _____ renal tubular acidosis is due to a defect in the ability of -intercalated cells to secrete H+
Answer: Distal
Flashcard 59: In the proximal tubule cells, NH4+ is in equilibrium with _____ and H+
Answer: NH3
Flashcard 60: x _____ 1 when the solute is reabsorbed less quickly than water
Answer: >
Flashcard 61: When CH2O is _____, urine is hypo-osmotic relative to plasma
Answer: positive
Flashcard 62: The _____ cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct secrete K+
Answer: principal
Flashcard 63: The _____ mechanism of renal autoregulation states that renal afferent arterioles contract in response to vasoactive substances released by the macula densa
Answer: tubuloglomerular feedback
Flashcard 64: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect characterized by a gain of function mutation in the ENaC channel in the collecting duct of the nephron
Answer: Liddle
Flashcard 65: Activation of _____ adrenergic receptors on the juxtaglomerular cells causes increased renin release
Answer: 1
Flashcard 66: When CH2O is _____, urine is iso-osmotic relative to plasma
Answer: zero
Flashcard 67: Phosphate is primarily reabsorbed in the _____ through Na+-phosphate cotransport
Answer: early PCT
Flashcard 68: Glucose is reabsorbed in the _____ by Na+/glucose (SGLT) cotransporters
Answer: early PCT
Flashcard 69: In the inner medullary collecting ducts, urea is reabsorbed by the _____ transporter, which is activated by ADH
Answer: UT1
Flashcard 70: In the absence of _____, the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct are impermeable to water
Answer: ADH
Flashcard 71: If Cx _____ GFR, there is net secretion of X
Answer: >
Flashcard 72: A decrease in renal perfusion pressure causes the _____ cells of the afferent arterioles to secrete renin
Answer: juxtaglomerular
Flashcard 73: _____ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
Answer: Juxtaglomerular (JC)
Flashcard 74: PTH acts on the kidney to inhibit renal _____ reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, which therefore increases phosphate excretion (phosphaturic effect)
Answer: phosphate
Flashcard 75: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) cause increased renal _____ secretion via action on the -intercalated cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct
Answer: H+
Flashcard 76: In Type _____ RTA, high urinary pH promotes increased reabsorption of citrates at the PCT and increased excretion of Calcium
Answer: 1
Flashcard 77: Atrial natriuretic peptide dilates afferent renal arterioles and constricts efferent renal arterioles, which _____ excretion of Na+ and water, along with downregulating ENaC on the collecting tubules
Answer: increases
Flashcard 78: Calcitriol stimulates increased _____ of Ca2+ and resorption of phosphate by the kidney.
Answer: resorption
Flashcard 79: The glomerular filtration barrier is responsible for filtering the plasma according to the properties of a compounds _____ and net charge
Answer: size
Flashcard 80: If the filtered load is _____ than the excretion rate, there has been net reabsorption (reabsorption or secretion)
Answer: greater
Flashcard 81: Na+ is reabsorbed in the _____ via the Na+-Cl- cotransporter in the luminal membrane
Answer: early DCT
Flashcard 82: The effects of ECF volume _____ on the Starling forces result in increased fractional reabsorption of isosmotic fluid in the proximal tubule
Answer: contraction
Flashcard 83: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect that affects the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter
Answer: Bartter
Flashcard 84: The _____ and [TF/P]osmolarity ratios both remain at 1 over the course of the PCT
Answer: [TF/P]Na
Flashcard 85: _____ is the major anion reabsorbed in the late PCT of the nephron
Answer: Cl-
Flashcard 86: Glomerulotubular balance describes a balance between filtration in the _____ and reabsorption in the proximal tubule
Answer: glomerulus
Flashcard 87: In the lumen of the proximal tubule, _____ and H+ combine to form NH4+
Answer: NH3
Flashcard 88: Juxtamedullary nephrons have _____ glomeruli (size) and thus higher GFR than superficial cortical nephrons
Answer: larger
Flashcard 89: If the filtered load is _____ than the excretion rate, there has been net secretion (reabsorption or secretion)
Answer: less
Flashcard 90: _____ clearance can be used to calculate effective renal plasma flow (eRPF) because it is both filtered and secreted
Answer: Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)
Flashcard 91: Atrial natriuretic peptide causes vaso-_____ of afferent arterioles and, to a lesser extent, vaso-constriction of efferent arterioles
Answer: dilation
Flashcard 92: _____ is the major anion reabsorbed in the early PCT
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 93: Angiotensin II normally _____ the efferent arteriole of the kidney
Answer: constricts
Flashcard 94: Angiotensin II acts directly at the _____ (location) to increase NaHCO3 reabsorption
Answer: PCT
Flashcard 95: Creatinine clearance slightly _____-estimates GFR because creatinine is moderately secreted by renal tubules
Answer: over
Flashcard 96: The _____ of the glomerular filtration barrier contains heparan sulfate, which acts as a negative charge barrier
Answer: basement membrane
Flashcard 97: The H2CO3 formed inside the cells of the PCT dissociates into _____ and HCO3-
Answer: H+
Flashcard 98: The _____ DCT is always impermeable to water (permeability)
Answer: early
Flashcard 99: In the cells of the proximal tubule, the enzyme _____ metabolizes glutamine to glutamate and NH4+
Answer: glutaminase
Flashcard 100: In the _____ of the nephron, 50% of the filtered urea is reabsorbed by simple diffusion
Answer: proximal convoluted tubule
Flashcard 101: In the _____ of ADH, free-water clearance (CH2O) is positive
Answer: absence
Flashcard 102: In the _____, 70% of the filtered urea is reabsorbed via facilitated diffusion (if ADH is present)
Answer: inner medullary collecting ducts
Flashcard 103: In the _____ of the nephron, urea is secreted by simple diffusion
Answer: thin descending limb (Henle's loop)
Flashcard 104: Some _____ in the cells of the thick ascending limb diffuse back into the lumen, creating a lumen positive potential difference
Answer: K+
Flashcard 105: How does ADH increase H2O permeability of the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?Increased _____ channels via increased cAMP
Answer: aquaporin 2 (AQP2)
Flashcard 106: Na+ is reabsorbed in the _____ via the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter in the luminal membrane
Answer: thick ascending limb (of Henle)
Flashcard 107: HCO3- is transported from the cells of proximal tubule into the blood by _____ cotransport and Cl--HCO3- exchange
Answer: Na+-HCO3-
Flashcard 108: In the presence of _____, aquaporin 2 channels are inserted in the luminal membrane of principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct
Answer: ADH
Flashcard 109: In response to increased Na+ delivery (e.g. increased GFR/RPF), the macula densa releases _____, which constricts the afferent arterioles
Answer: ATP (adenosine)
Flashcard 110: Decreases in _____ (e.g. hemorrhage or decreased Na+) cause a decrease in renal perfusion pressure, which in turn increases secretion of the enzyme renin
Answer: ECF volume
Flashcard 111: The primary regulation of aldosterone secretion occurs through changes in _____ (via the renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system) and changes in serum potassium levels
Answer: ECF volume
Flashcard 112: In an autonomous bladder, residual urine is _____
Answer: 200-300cc
Flashcard 113: _____ bladder is controlled by intrinsic plexus of bladder
Answer: Autonomic
Flashcard 114: _____ is an endocytotic receptor on the proximal convoluted tubular cells, along with cubilin, which helps in resorption of filtered proteins (albumin) and vitamins
Answer: Megalin
Flashcard 115: A minimum urine output of _____ mL/day is essential to excrete the end products of protein metabolism.
Answer: 400
Flashcard 116: In an autonomous bladder, emptying is _____voluntary
Answer:
Flashcard 117: Lumirubin is excreted by the _____ in the unconjugated state
Answer: kidneys
Flashcard 118: What is the most common cause of RTA type II?_____
Answer: Defect of Na+-H+ antiporter
Flashcard 119: The average normal urine output is approximately _____ mL/day
Answer: 1500
Flashcard 120: Vasopressin escape in SIADH results due to downregulation of _____ production.
Answer: aquaporin 2
Flashcard 121: _____ is cleared only via glomeruli with no tubular excretion and hence used for direct measurement of GFR.
Answer: Tc-99m DTPA (diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate)
Flashcard 122: What is the feedback gain associated with blood volume control of kidney?_____
Answer: Infinity
Flashcard 123: Carbonic Anhydrase _____ is present on the luminal side of the PCT tubular cell
Answer: IV
Flashcard 124: PCT cells are involved in sustaining _____ which increases solute and water reabsorption in response to increased GFR.
Answer: glomerulotubular balance
Flashcard 125: _____ do not help create the medullary hyperosmolarity but prevent it from being dissipated.
Answer: Vasa recta
Flashcard 126: _____ efferent arteriolar constriction causes decreased GFR
Answer: Severe
Flashcard 127: Loop of henle is a countercurrent _____ and vasa recta is a countercurrent _____ in maintainence of osmolality gradient
Answer: multiplier; exchanger
Flashcard 128: The organ with the least arteriovenous oxygen difference is the _____
Answer: kidney
Keywords: Renal Physiology flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
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Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
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Concentration and Dilution of Urine
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Acid-Base Regulation by the Kidneys
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Sodium and Water Balance
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Potassium Regulation
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Calcium and Phosphate Handling
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Micturition Physiology
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Renal Function Tests
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Integrative Responses to Fluid Challenges
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