Endocrinology — Flashcards
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Calcitriol _____ Ca2+ and phosphate release into the bloodstream by stimulating osteoblasts to activate osteoclasts
Prolactin deficiency occurs with destruction of the _____ and results in the failure to lactate (females)
The zona _____ secretes androgens, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione
A testosterone-secreting tumor (or exogenous steroids) presents with _____ testosterone and decreased LH
Estrogens (hormone) cause _____ of the epiphyseal growth plate (bone structure) during puberty.
The cell bodies of _____-secreting neurons originate primarily in the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
Amine hormones include _____ hormones and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
Cortisol (glucocorticoids) up-regulates _____ receptors on arterioles, increasing their sensitivity to catecholamines (i.e. norepinephrine and epinephrine)
Insulin increases glucose transport to _____ and adipose tissue by directing the insertion of the GLUT4 transporter into the cell membranes
Chronic exposure of PTH stimulates osteoblasts to express _____, which binds to RANK on osteoclast surfaces to increase activity
Endocrinology Indian Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Endocrinology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Endocrinology Flashcard Deck - 80 Cards
Flashcard 1: Calcitriol _____ Ca2+ and phosphate release into the bloodstream by stimulating osteoblasts to activate osteoclasts
Answer: increases
Flashcard 2: Prolactin deficiency occurs with destruction of the _____ and results in the failure to lactate (females)
Answer: anterior pituitary
Flashcard 3: The zona _____ secretes androgens, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione
Answer: reticularis
Flashcard 4: A testosterone-secreting tumor (or exogenous steroids) presents with _____ testosterone and decreased LH
Answer: increased
Flashcard 5: Estrogens (hormone) cause _____ of the epiphyseal growth plate (bone structure) during puberty.
Answer: closure
Flashcard 6: The cell bodies of _____-secreting neurons originate primarily in the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
Answer: ADH
Flashcard 7: Amine hormones include _____ hormones and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
Answer: thyroid
Flashcard 8: Cortisol (glucocorticoids) up-regulates _____ receptors on arterioles, increasing their sensitivity to catecholamines (i.e. norepinephrine and epinephrine)
Answer: 1
Flashcard 9: Insulin increases glucose transport to _____ and adipose tissue by directing the insertion of the GLUT4 transporter into the cell membranes
Answer: muscle
Flashcard 10: Chronic exposure of PTH stimulates osteoblasts to express _____, which binds to RANK on osteoclast surfaces to increase activity
Answer: RANKL
Flashcard 11: The _____ form of glucose administration leads to greater insulin release due to stimulation of GIP and GLP-1 secretion
Answer: oral
Flashcard 12: Activation of _____ adrenergic receptors on pancreatic islet cells causes increased insulin release
Answer: 2
Flashcard 13: The pulsatile pattern of GnRH after puberty drives a parallel pulsatile secretion of both _____ and LH by the anterior pituitary
Answer: FSH
Flashcard 14: In males, androgens are converted to estrogen primarily in _____ tissue and the testis
Answer: adipose
Flashcard 15: In muscle cells, Hyperthyroidism _____ expression of cardiac sarcolemmal ATPase and decreases expression of phospholamban
Answer: increases
Flashcard 16: Aldosterone leads to _____ apical K+ conductance
Answer: increased
Flashcard 17: _____ (hormone) inhibit apoptosis in osteoblasts and induce apoptosis in osteoclasts.
Answer: Estrogens
Flashcard 18: The central action of angiotensin II includes increased _____ secretion and induction of thirst
Answer: ADH
Flashcard 19: Once T3 is produced inside its target cell, it enters the _____ and binds to a nuclear receptor
Answer: nucleus
Flashcard 20: The _____ cells of the islets of Langerhans compose 20% of the islet and secrete glucagon
Answer: alpha
Flashcard 21: Activation of _____ adrenergic receptors stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
Answer: 2
Flashcard 22: Long-term effects of ACTH include _____ of ACTH receptors, thus increasing the sensitivity of the adrenal cortex
Answer: up-regulation
Flashcard 23: Depolarization of the pancreatic beta cell causes voltage-sensitive _____ channels to open, causing an increase in intracellular Ca2+
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 24: Glucose-insulinotropic peptide causes increased release of _____ in response to an oral glucose load (endocrine effect)
Answer: insulin
Flashcard 25: Cortisol results in _____ REM sleep and increased awake time
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 26: _____ is packaged with neurophysin I
Answer: Oxytocin
Flashcard 27: Thyroid hormones increase oxygen consumption in all tissues EXCEPT the _____, gonads, and spleen
Answer: brain
Flashcard 28: One direct action of growth hormone is _____ glucose uptake into cells, producing an increase in glucose blood concentration
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 29: _____ is synthesized in the somatotrophs of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Answer: Growth hormone
Flashcard 30: Chronic excess levels of cortisol (glucocorticoid) result in decreased levels of _____ and ACTH via negative feedback
Answer: CRH
Flashcard 31: Vasopressin (ADH) causes _____ of arterioles by activating V1 receptors
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 32: PTH action causes increased urinary _____ and phosphat-uria
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 33: _____ puberty, excessive levels of growth hormone cause gigantism (increased linear growth)
Answer: Before
Flashcard 34: The _____ cells of the islets of Langerhans compose 65% of the islet and secrete insulin
Answer: beta
Flashcard 35: When insulin acts on adipose tissue, it causes _____ triglyceride storage and decreased lipolysis
Answer: increased
Flashcard 36: Increased ATP:ADP ratio in the pancreatic beta cell (as a result of glucose metabolism) causes ATP-sensitive _____ channels to close, causing membrane depolarization
Answer: K+
Flashcard 37: The main functions of thyroid hormone can be remembered with the "6 B's"?1. _____2. Bone growth3. 1-adrenergic effects 4. Basal metabolic rate (increased) 5. Blood sugar6. Break down lipids
Answer: Brain maturation
Flashcard 38: The hormone sensitivity (responsiveness) of a target tissue may be changed in two ways: 1. Change the _____ of receptors 2. Change the affinity of receptors
Answer: number
Flashcard 39: High levels of _____ inhibit organification of I2, and therefore inhibit synthesis of thyroid hormones (Wolff-Chaikoff effect)
Answer: I-
Flashcard 40: Tissues that are not dependent on insulin for glucose uptake may be remembered using the mnemonic "BRICK LIPS":B: _____R: RBCsI: IntestineC: CorneaK: KidneyL: LiverI: Islet (Beta) cellsP: PlacentaS: Spermatocytes
Answer: Brain
Flashcard 41: The _____ effect is the inhibition of thyroperoxidase by excess iodine
Answer: Wolff-Chaikoff
Flashcard 42: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1
Answer: Growth hormone
Flashcard 43: Activation of _____ adrenergic receptors on pancreatic islet cells causes decreased insulin release
Answer: 2
Flashcard 44: Obesity _____ the conversion of T4 to T3, thus increasing the amount of active hormone
Answer: increases
Flashcard 45: The effects of cortisol may be remembered with the mnemonic "A BIG FIB": A: _____B: Blood pressure (increased, via alpha1)I: Insulin resistance (increased)G: Gluconeogenesis (increased)F: Fibroblast activity (decreased)I: Inflammatory/Immune response (decreased)B: Bone formation (decreased)
Answer: increased Appetite
Flashcard 46: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulates _____ secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion
Answer: insulin
Flashcard 47: One major effect of thyroid hormone is increased _____ with a resultant increase in BMR and body temperature, due to increased Na/K+-ATPase activity
Answer: O2 consumption
Flashcard 48: In bone, PTH receptors are located on _____, but not on osteoclasts
Answer: osteoblasts
Flashcard 49: Glucocorticoids _____ glucose utilization by tissues and decrease insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 50: Parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to decreased plasma _____ and 1,25-(OH)2 D3
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 51: Initially and transiently, PTH causes an increase in bone _____ by a direct action on osteoblasts
Answer: formation
Flashcard 52: In bone, 1,25-(OH)2 D3 acts syngergistically with PTH to stimulate _____ activity and bone resorption
Answer: osteoclast
Flashcard 53: The parathyroid glands have _____ receptors that negatively regulate secretion of PTH
Answer: Ca2+ sensing (CaSR)
Flashcard 54: The levels of TBG and total thyroid hormone are _____ with pregnancy and oral contraceptive use
Answer: increased
Flashcard 55: The actions of PTH are coordinated to produce an increase in serum _____ and a decrease in serum phosphate (PO43-)
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 56: The _____ cells of the islets of Langerhans compose 10% of the islet and secrete somatostatin
Answer: delta
Flashcard 57: The overall effect of PTH on bone is to promote bone _____, which delivers both Ca2+ and phosphate to extracellular fluid
Answer: resorption
Flashcard 58: Estrogen deficiency leads to increased cycles of _____, increasing risk of osteoporosis.
Answer: bone remodeling and resorption
Flashcard 59: One role of TSH on the thyroid gland is to increase both _____ and secretion of thyroid hormones by the follicular cells
Answer: synthesis
Flashcard 60: In adipose tissue, insulin stimulates _____ and inhibits lipolysis
Answer: fat deposition (increased triglyceride synthesis)
Flashcard 61: In bone, the long-term effect of PTH is bone _____ via indirect action on osteoclasts
Answer: resorption
Flashcard 62: In men, increased levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) causes _____ due to decreased free testosterone
Answer: gynecomastia
Flashcard 63: _____ acts on the zona glomerulosa to stimulate aldosterone synthesis via increased activity of the enzyme aldosterone synthase
Answer: Angiotensin II
Flashcard 64: At _____ levels, PTH exerts anabolic effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Answer: low, intermittent
Flashcard 65: In females, the adrenal androgens are responsible for the development of _____ and for libido
Answer: pubic and axillary hair
Flashcard 66: Prolactin secretion is _____ by dopamine (prolactin inhibiting factor [PIF])
Answer: tonically inhibited
Flashcard 67: _____ of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of prolactin excess
Answer: Blockage
Flashcard 68: In senescence, hormone levels are _____ and FSH levels are greater than LH levels
Answer: highest
Flashcard 69: Cortisol causes a(n) _____ in growth hormone secretion
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 70: Glucagon causes a(n) _____ in growth hormone secretion
Answer: increase
Flashcard 71: How is the action of peptide hormones terminated?_____
Answer: proteolysis or diffusing away
Flashcard 72: The _____ cell system is also called the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
Answer: APUD
Flashcard 73: Thyroxine secretion begins in the fetus at _____ weeks of gestation.
Answer: 12
Flashcard 74: Does growth hormone play any role in fetal growth?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 75: Physiological atrophy can occur due to loss of _____ stimulation
Answer: hormonal
Flashcard 76: Which vasopressin receptor mediates increased secretion of ACTH from the corticotrophs of anterior pituitary?_____
Answer: V3/V1b
Flashcard 77: Normal APGAR score with acidosis is seen in high fetal _____ levels
Answer: catecholamine
Flashcard 78: Highest mineralocorticoid activity seen with- _____
Answer: Aldosterone
Flashcard 79: Excess secretion of aldosterone causes only a modest increase in plasma sodium, usually _____ mEq/L
Answer: 4-6
Flashcard 80: _____ is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas along with insulin.
Answer: Amylin
Keywords: Endocrinology flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Principles of Endocrine Regulation
Flashcards
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Flashcards
Thyroid Physiology
Flashcards
Adrenal Cortex and Medulla
Flashcards
Pancreatic Hormones and Glucose Metabolism
Flashcards
Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis
Flashcards
Growth Hormone and Growth Factors
Flashcards
Endocrine Regulation of Metabolism
Flashcards
Hormone Receptors and Signaling
Flashcards
Assessment of Endocrine Function
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