Endocrine Pharmacology — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: gossypol is _____

Answer: a male contraceptive

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Flashcard 2: EZY pill contains _____

Answer: LNG 1.5 mg

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Flashcard 3: 1. Identify → _____

Answer: Antara (Depot-medroxy progesterone Injection)

Extra: y

Flashcard 4: Uses of SERM drugs are _____ and _____

Answer: contraception

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Flashcard 5: 1. Identify → _____ 2. Constituents → _____ 3. Cost → _____

Answer: Mala-N OCPs

Extra: y

Flashcard 6: _____ is the only agent to inhibit only implantation

Answer: centchroman

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Flashcard 7: main MOA of OCP is _____

Answer: inhibition of ovulation 

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Flashcard 8: EZY pill contains _____

Answer: 1.5 mg LNG(levonergestrel)

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Flashcard 9: 1. Identify → _____ 2. Constituents → _____ 3. Cost → _____

Answer: Mala-D OCPs

Extra: y

Flashcard 10: MOA of centchroman is _____

Answer: SERM

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Flashcard 11: mc side effect of OC pills is _____

Answer: weight gain

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Flashcard 12: 1. Identify → _____

Answer: Saheli tablets CENTCHROMAN i.e ORMELOXIFENE (Non-steroidal Oral Contraceptives)

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Flashcard 13: Centchroman is _____

Answer: a non hormonal oral contraceptive

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Flashcard 14: _____ is an oral 11-hydroxylase inhibitor for adults with Cushings disease who either cannot undergo pituitary gland surgery or have undergone the surgery but still have the disease.

Answer: Osilodrostat

Flashcard 15: First Aid Pharmacology: Endocrine _____ is a recombinant form of PTH used to treat osteoporosis

Answer: Teriparatide

Flashcard 16: What type(s) of diabetes may be treated with sulfonylureas and meglitinides? _____

Answer: T2DM only

Flashcard 17: Endocrine _____ may be used in the treatment of primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism by increasing sensitivity to Ca2+-sensing receptors

Answer: Cinacalcet

Flashcard 18: Treatment for Paget disease of bone includes _____ and bisphosphonates

Answer: calcitonin

Flashcard 19: What steroidogenesis enzymes are inhibited by ketoconazole and spironolactone?_____ and cholesterol desmolase

Answer: 17-hydroxylase

Flashcard 20: _____ is a drug that inhibits glucocorticoid biosynthesis via inhibition of the enzyme 11-hydroxylase

Answer: Metyrapone

Flashcard 21: _____ is an allosteric activator of the Ca2+ sensing (CaSR) receptor on the Parathyroid Gland

Answer: Cinacalcet

Flashcard 22: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ and bromocriptine are D2 receptor agonists, which may be used to treat acromegaly by inhibiting secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary

Answer: Cabergoline

Flashcard 23: Denosumab prevents _____ activation by binding RANKL expressed on osteoblasts

Answer: osteoclast

Flashcard 24: _____ is a nonsteroidal contraceptive taken twice weekly as a 30mg tablet for 12 weeks and weekly thereafter

Answer: Ormeloxifene

Flashcard 25: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ is a GH receptor antagonist, which may be used to treat acromegaly

Answer: Pegvisomant

Flashcard 26: _____ and perchlorate are competitive inhibitors of the Na+-I- cotransport pump, thus interfering with the synthesis of thyroid hormones

Answer: Thiocyanate

Flashcard 27: _____, a synthetic analogue of the -MSH is recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria.

Answer: Afamelanotide

Flashcard 28: _____-acting insulins should not be given intravenously or intramuscularly.

Answer: Long

Flashcard 29: One mechanism by which metformin decreases gluconeogenesis is via _____ of the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

Answer: activation

Flashcard 30: The azole _____ inhibits the adrenal enzyme 17,20-desmolase

Answer: ketoconazole

Flashcard 31: _____ inhibits the synthesis of glucocorticoids by inhibiting steroid 11-hydroxylase reversibly.

Answer: Metyrapone

Flashcard 32: _____ is a drug that inhibits glucocorticoid biosynthesis via inhibition of the enzyme cholesterol desmolase

Answer: Ketoconazole

Flashcard 33: _____, with hard exudates surrounding the blood vessels is a rare adverse effect seen with thiazolidinediones

Answer: Diabetic macular edema

Flashcard 34: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ are a class of drugs that are useful in the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Answer: Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

Flashcard 35: Exogenous testosterone causes _____ LDL and decreased HDL

Answer: increased

Flashcard 36: _____ is an anti-progestin used to terminate pregnancy when combined with misoprostol (PGE1 analog)

Answer: Mifeprostone

Flashcard 37: _____ inhibitors, such as finasteride may be used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia because they block activation of testosterone (to DHT) in the prostate

Answer: 5-reductase

Flashcard 38: First Aid Pharmacology: Endocrine _____ is a synthetic analog of aldosterone with little glucocorticoid effects

Answer: Fludrocortisone

Flashcard 39: Drugs _____ binding of thyroxine to thyroxine binding globulin: Steroids, Salicylates and Androgens

Answer: decreasing

Flashcard 40: _____ inhibitors act via preventing the breakdown of GLP-1

Answer: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)

Flashcard 41: Absolute contraindications to combined oral contraceptive use: Known or suspected carcinoma of the _____, female reproductive tract

Answer: breast

Flashcard 42: _____ is more selective to type 2 enzyme whereas dutasteride inhibits both type 1 and type 2 5-alpha reductase

Answer: Finasteride

Flashcard 43: Tesamorelin is a _____ analog used to treat HIV-associated lipodystrophy

Answer: GHRH

Flashcard 44: Monotherapy of _____ and insulin have a weight-gain effect.

Answer: sulfonylureas

Flashcard 45: Carboprost, a _____ analog can be used to increase uterine tone

Answer: PGF2a

Flashcard 46: Monotherapy of _____, SGLT-2 inhibitors and Pramlintide have a weight-loss effect.

Answer: GLP-1 analogues

Flashcard 47: Thiazolidinediones (glitazones) can cause weight _____ and increased Liver Function Tests

Answer: gain

Flashcard 48: High dose Glucocorticoids may exert _____ effects leading to increased potassium excretion

Answer: mineralocorticoid

Flashcard 49: What is a possible treatment for Cushing syndrome? _____ or metyrapone, which block steroid hormone biosynthesis

Answer: Ketoconazole

Flashcard 50: diabetes _____ (and meglitinides) bind the ATP-dependent K+ channels on pancreatic beta cells, causing release of endogenous insulin

Answer: Sulfonylureas

Flashcard 51: _____ is a substance present in licorice that may block activity of the enzyme 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Answer: Glycyrrhetinic acid

Flashcard 52: One possible treatment for a growth hormone adenoma is a _____, such as pegvisomant

Answer: GH receptor antagonist

Flashcard 53: _____ is the only bile acid sequestrant that is specifically approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes meillitus.

Answer: Colesevelam

Flashcard 54: Teriparatide is a _____ used to treat osteoporosis, wherein the goal is to increase bone density and formation

Answer: PTH analog

Flashcard 55: _____ is a 4th generation progestin used as oral contraceptive having mineralocorticoid antagonist action

Answer: Drospirenone

Flashcard 56: The _____ pharmacological action of metformin is to reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis.

Answer: central

Flashcard 57: Meglitinides are not _____ and thus may be used to treat a T2DM patients with an allergy to sulfonylureas

Answer: sulfa drugs

Flashcard 58: NPH insulin or isophane insulin is a suspension of native insulin complexed with _____ and protamine in phosphate buffer.

Answer: zinc

Flashcard 59: _____ is a long-acting insulin analog modified by the addition of a saturated fatty acid to the amino group of Lys-B29 that yields a myrosilated insulin.

Answer: Detemir

Flashcard 60: Finasteride is used to treat _____ and male-pattern baldness

Answer: BPH

Flashcard 61: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ and calcitonin are useful in the management of Paget disease, which is characterized by uncontrolled osteoclast resorption with secondary disorganized bone formation

Answer: Bisphosphonates

Flashcard 62: One possible treatment for a growth hormone adenoma is a _____ analog, such as octreotide

Answer: somatostatin

Flashcard 63: Alendronate, pamidronate, zoledronate are all examples of _____, which are the first line treatment for osteoporosis

Answer: bisphophonates

Flashcard 64: First Aid Pharmacology: Endocrine _____ is used to treat hyperthyroidism by blocking thyroid peroxidase only

Answer: Methimazole

Flashcard 65: Because Leuprolide downregulates GnRH receptors, patients can present with _____ libido, erectile dysfunction, and hypogonadism

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 66: First Aid Pharmacology: Endocrine _____ is used to treat hyperthyroidism by blocking both thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase

Answer: Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Flashcard 67: _____ is a synthetic glucocorticoid that mimics the actions of cortisol, including suppression of ACTH

Answer: Dexamethasone

Flashcard 68: What type(s) of diabetes may be treated with GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors? _____

Answer: T2DM only

Flashcard 69: Mifepristone (RU-486) has potent anti-progestational and significant anti-_____ and anti-androgenic activity

Answer: glucocorticoid

Flashcard 70: One mechanism by which metformin decreases gluconeogenesis is via _____ of the mitochondrial enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (mGDH)

Answer: inhibition

Flashcard 71: _____ insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin and is a combination of Ultralente and Semilente in the ratio of 7:3

Answer: Lente

Flashcard 72: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has estrogen antagonist activity on breast and uterus

Answer: Raloxifene

Flashcard 73: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has estrogen agonist activity on bone

Answer: Raloxifene

Flashcard 74: Danazol is a synthetic _____ that acts as a partial agonist at androgen receptors

Answer: androgen

Flashcard 75: Glucocorticoids decrease _____ by decreasing osteoblast activity

Answer: bone formation

Flashcard 76: Acarbose and miglitol inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzymes which decreases the conversion of _____ into absorbable monosaccharides

Answer: disaccharides

Flashcard 77: Anions such as _____, pertechnetate, and thiocyanate competively inhibit the sodium-iodide transporter.

Answer: perchlorate

Flashcard 78: Monotherapy of _____ and -glucosidase inhibitors have a weight-neutral effect.

Answer: DPP-4 inhibitors

Flashcard 79: HIV-associated lipodystrophy can be treated by the _____ analog tesamorelin.

Answer: GHRH

Flashcard 80: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ is a monoclonal antibody against RANKL, useful in the treatment of osteoporosis

Answer: Denosumab

Flashcard 81: Endocrine (diabetes) _____, a biguanide, is the first line oral agent for the management of type 2 diabetes

Answer: Metformin

Flashcard 82: Medical abortions can be performed with a combination of mifepristone, _____ and misoprostol

Answer: methotrexate

Flashcard 83: Conditions with excess growth hormone may be treated with _____ analogues such as octreotide, which inhibit growth hormone secretion

Answer: somatostatin

Flashcard 84: Prolactinoma may be treated with a _____ agonist, such as bromocriptine or cabergoline

Answer: dopamine

Flashcard 85: _____ is a calcium-sensing receptor agonist used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in adult patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis.

Answer: Etelcalcetide

Flashcard 86: Endocrine (diabetes) _____ are ligands of PPAR-gamma, an intranuclear receptor that regulates gene transcription

Answer: Thiazolidinediones (glitazones)

Flashcard 87: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ are the first line treatment for treatment of SIADH

Answer: -Vaptans (tolvaptan, conivaptan)

Flashcard 88: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ is a recombinant form of IGF-1 that may be used to treat growth failure due to severe IGF-1 deficiency

Answer: Mecasermin

Flashcard 89: _____ are contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of MTC or in patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2).

Answer: GLP-1 analogs (Hypoglycemic drugs)

Flashcard 90: Radioactive iodine uptake into thyroid gland is _____ by Lugol's iodine

Answer: reduced

Flashcard 91: The replacement dose of hydrocortisone for adrenal insufficiency is  _____ mg/m2/day.

Answer: 10

Flashcard 92: The only FDA-approved -vaptan for parenteral administration and treatment of hyponatremia is _____

Answer: Conivaptan

Flashcard 93: Which drug is used in insulinomas and acts by keeping the K+ channels of beta cells of pancreas open?_____

Answer: Diazoxide

Flashcard 94: _____ acts by both decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation.

Answer: Strontium ranelate (Mineral)

Flashcard 95: Drugs such as SERMs are associated with a(n) _____ risk of developing adenomyosis

Answer: increased

Flashcard 96: A semisynthetic ergot D2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of T2DM is _____

Answer: Bromocriptine

Flashcard 97: _____ is administered via nasal spray.

Answer: Nafarelin (GnRH agonist)

Flashcard 98: _____ is used for medical adrenalectomy.

Answer: Mitotane

Flashcard 99: Propylthiouracil inhibits the type _____ deiodinase

Answer: I

Flashcard 100: _____ is a corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) preparation that is used for testing the HPA axis.

Answer: Corticorelin

Flashcard 101: _____ is a dual SGLT-1/2 inhibitor

Answer: Sotagliflozin

Flashcard 102: Fastest acting anti-thyroid drugs are: drugs inhibiting _____

Answer: thyroid hormone release

Flashcard 103: Insulin _____ should not be mixed with other short acting insulin.and why?

Answer: glargine

Flashcard 104: What is the drug used in rx of CAH in a child?_____

Answer: Hydrocortisone

Flashcard 105: _____ may be given with Carbimazole or a beta-blocker 10 days before the operation, to reduce vascularity and increase margin of safety

Answer: Iodine

Flashcard 106: Steroid receptor antagonist that can be used in Cushings syndrome is _____

Answer: mifepristone

Flashcard 107: _____ is an anti-estrogenic, anti-progestational, and mildly anabolic drug which acts as a 19-nortestosterone derivative similar to danazol, but with fewer side effects

Answer: Gestrinone

Flashcard 108: All GnRH antagonists are administered _____.

Answer: subcutaneously

Flashcard 109: _____ is a NK3R antagonist approved for treatment of hot flushes in post menopausal women.

Answer: Fezolinetant

Flashcard 110: Which antithyroid drug has been associated with fetal aplasia cutis?_____

Answer: Methimazole

Flashcard 111: Least mineralocorticoid activity seen with - _____

Answer: Methylprednisolone

Flashcard 112: Glucocorticoids have permissive action on vasoconstrictor effect of _____ and lipolytic action of adrenaline and noradrenaline

Answer: angiotensin

Flashcard 113: Absolute contraindications to combined oral contraceptive use: Known or suspected _____

Answer: pregnancy

Flashcard 114: What is the drug used in prenatal therapy of CAH?_____

Answer: Dexamethasone

Flashcard 115: _____ is a long-acting analog of oxytocin.

Answer: Carbetocin

Flashcard 116: Highest mineralocorticoid activity drug that is clinically used - _____

Answer: Fludrocortisone

Flashcard 117: _____ is the longest acting glucocorticoid.

Answer: Dexamethasone

Flashcard 118: _____, an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor, is the first drug approved for the treatment of adults with thyroid eye disease

Answer: Teprotumumab

Flashcard 119: _____ are approved for the management of obesity.

Answer: GLP-1 analoges (Hypoglycemic drug class)

Flashcard 120: Gestrinone is a _____ derivative that can be used for the rx of endometriosis

Answer: 19-nortestosterone

Flashcard 121: _____ is a inhaled insulin which is available in dry powder form

Answer: Afrezza

Flashcard 122: An alternative method to Carbimazole for pre-op preparation is the use of _____ to reduce the clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis

Answer: beta-blockers

Flashcard 123: Highest glucocorticoid activity seen with - _____

Answer: Dexamethasone and Betamethasone

Flashcard 124: What is the major mechanism of action of emergency contraceptives?_____

Answer: Inhibit or delay ovulation

Flashcard 125: Levothyroxine therapy is started immediately after diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism, at _____ g/kg per day

Answer: 10 to 15

Flashcard 126: Drugs inhibiting the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 are: _____

Answer: PGPA

Flashcard 127: Chronic _____ disease is an FDA approved indication for growth hormone (GH) therapy.

Answer: kidney

Flashcard 128: _____ is a dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonist.

Answer: Saroglitazar

Flashcard 129: _____ is associated with an increased risk of fractures.

Answer: Canagliflozin (Anti diabetic)

Flashcard 130: In the management of a patient with thyroid storm, _____ is given first, followed by _____ one hour later.

Answer: propylthiouracil (PTU); potassium iodide

Flashcard 131: _____ can cause euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer: SGLT2 inhibitors::OHA

Flashcard 132: _____ is the only sulfonylurea OHA that can be safely used without dose adjustment even in severe and moderate renal disease.

Answer: Glipizide

Flashcard 133: _____ is a synthetic derivative of 19-nortestosterone used as Add back therapy for Fibroid

Answer: Tibolone

Flashcard 134: _____ acts as a cathepsin-K inhibitor which is an enzyme in osteoclast that facilitates bone resorption.

Answer: Odanacatib

Flashcard 135: _____ is contraindicated in patients with prior history of radiation, for treatment of osteoporosis.

Answer: Teriparatide

Flashcard 136: Drug of choice for Insulinoma is

Answer: Diazoxide

Flashcard 137: Drug of choice for central diabetes insipidus

Answer: Desmopressin

Flashcard 138: Drug of choice for hypehyroidism during 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy is:

Answer: Propylthiouracil

Flashcard 139: Drug of choice for central precocious puberty in girls

Answer: Leuprolide acetate

Flashcard 140: The drug of choice for the management of Graves disease is _______.

Answer: Methimazole

Flashcard 141: Drug of choice in nocturnal enuresis is

Answer: Desmopressin

Flashcard 142: Drug of choice for diabetic ketoacidosis to control hyperglycemia is _______ insulin

Answer: Regular insulin

Flashcard 143: Drug of choice for neurogenic/central diabetes insipidus

Answer: Desmopressin

Flashcard 144: _______ _______ mg per day is the drug of choice for pre-op preparation of a patient for thyroid surgery

Answer: Carbimazole

Flashcard 145: Drug of choice as antidiabetic in obese patient:

Answer: Metformin

Flashcard 146: Drug of choice for acute adrenal insufficiency is?

Answer: Hydrocortisone

Flashcard 147: Drug of choice for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is:

Answer: Propylthiouracil (1st trimester)

Flashcard 148: Drug of choice for post menopausal osteoporosis is

Answer: Bisphosphonates

Flashcard 149: What is the drug of choice for treatment of central precocious puberty? _______

Answer: Leuprolide acetate