Sleep-Disordered Breathing — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: In the first step of management of moderate to severe croup: the patient should be given racemic _____ nebulisation

Answer: epinephrine

Flashcard 2: Oral _____ is indicated in all grades of croup

Answer: dexamethasone

Flashcard 3: Obstructive sleep apnea may be caused by _____ hypertrophy in children (age group)

Answer: adenotonsillar

Flashcard 4: Which respiratory distress severity scoring is more comprehensive and can be applied to any gestational age and condition?Bonus Q: What are the components?_____

Answer: Downes Score Components: 1. Respiratory rate 2. Cyanosis 3. Retractions 4. Grunting 5. Air entry (Auscultation)

Extra: Downes Score is applicable to any gestational age and for any cause of respiratory distress. Scoring (0, 1, 2 points each): - Respiratory Rate: <60, 60–80, >80 or apnea - Cyanosis: None, In room air, In >40% FiO2 - Retractions: None, Mild, Severe - Grunting: None, Audible with stethoscope, Audible with naked ear - Air Entry: Normal, Decreased, Barely audible Interpretation: - <4: Mild respiratory distress - 4-6: Moderate respiratory distress - >6: Impending respiratory failure Note: Silverman-Anderson Score is specifically used for preterm neonates with RDS.

Flashcard 5: The ideal rescue breath rate for children is _____ breaths/min

Answer: 20-30

Extra: According to the 2020 AHA PALS guidelines, for infants and children with a pulse but absent or inadequate respiratory effort, rescue breathing should be provided at a rate of 1 breath every 2-3 seconds (20-30 breaths/min). The previous recommendation was 12-20 breaths/min.

Flashcard 6: According to WHO IMCI criteria, **Severe Pneumonia** (or Very Severe Disease) is suspected when there is presence of _____ in a calm child.

Answer: Stridor

Extra: WHO IMCI Classification for a child with cough or difficulty breathing: 1. Pneumonia: Fast breathing (tachypnea). 2. Severe Pneumonia / Very Severe Disease: Chest indrawing, stridor in a calm child, or any general danger sign (e.g., unable to drink, lethargic, or convulsions). Note: Stridor in a calm child is a specific danger sign indicating upper airway obstruction or very severe lower respiratory disease. Assessment must be done while the child is calm to avoid false positives from crying.

Flashcard 7: Pneumonia is suspected when the child has _____ chest wall retractions

Answer: lower

Flashcard 8: _____ is a common cause of pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 9: Acute _____ presents with high fever, sore throat, and drooling with dysphagia

Answer: epiglottitis