Nonunion and Malunion — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: _____ formation occurs during fracture healing when the fracture is not fixed rigidly

Answer: Callus

Flashcard 2: Non-union is defined as arrest in the healing process of a fracture lasting more than _____ months and for which there has been no signs of healing for 3 months

Answer: 9

Flashcard 3: In a hypertrophic non-union, how is the **biology** of the fracture healing?

Answer: Normal (preserved biology)

Extra: Hypertrophic non-union occurs when there is adequate biology (blood supply) but inadequate stability (mechanical environment). It is characterized by excessive callus formation (e.g., "elephant foot" appearance). In contrast, atrophic non-union has poor biology.

Flashcard 4: _____ classification is based on the angle made by the fracture line of femoral neck in reference to the horizontal plane

Answer: Pauwels

Flashcard 5: What are the 4 types of non-union?_____

Answer: Hypertrophic, Oligotrophic, Atrophic and Pseudoarthrosis

Flashcard 6: Stress fractures are seen in normal bone due to repeated _____ of the bone

Answer: abnormal loading

Flashcard 7: _____ classification is used for olecranon fractures

Answer: Mayo's

Flashcard 8: The given x-ray shows hypertrophic nonunion caused by inadequate _____

Answer: stabilization

Flashcard 9: The given image shows a fracture of the radial styloid process, which is called a _____ fracture. (Ignore the red arrow)

Answer: Chauffeur's

Flashcard 10: The most common nerve affected by posterior elbow dislocation is _____ nerve

Answer: Ulnar