Fertility and Infertility — Flashcards

Flashcard 11: Treatment of infertility due to severe endometriosis is _____ to remove the endometriotic areas, followed by IVF

Answer: laparoscopy

Flashcard 12: _____ is used to treat infertility due to anovulation (e.g. PCOS)

Answer: Clomiphene

Flashcard 13: Endometriosis spread to the fallopian tube mucosa presents with increased risk of _____ pregnancy and infertility

Answer: ectopic tubal

Flashcard 14: _____ ectopics are most common

Answer: Ampullary

Flashcard 15: What is the most important indication for testicular biopsy?

Answer: Azoospermia (to differentiate obstructive from non-obstructive causes)

Flashcard 16: Surgical management for a ruptured ectopic pregnancy is a _____ in all cases

Answer: salpingectomy

Flashcard 17: A patient of varicocele will have a _____ number of abnormal forms on semen analysis

Answer: increased

Flashcard 18: Normal result for the **antisperm antibody (MAR) test** is _____

Answer: < 10% motile spermatozoa with adherent particles

Extra: The Mixed Antiglobulin Reaction (MAR) and Immunobead tests are used to detect antisperm antibodies. - **Normal (Negative):** < 10% of motile sperm have particles attached. - **Clinically Significant (Positive):** ≥ 50% of motile sperm have particles attached (WHO criteria). Note: Sperm 'agglutination' refers to motile sperm sticking to each other, whereas these tests involve sperm sticking to 'adherent particles' (beads).

Flashcard 19: In Kurzrok-Miller test, penetration of less than _____ cm at 30 mins is considered abnormal

Answer: 3

Flashcard 20: Normal round cell count in semen is _____

Answer: <1 million/mL

Extra: Round cells in semen include leukocytes and immature germ cells. According to WHO criteria, a leukocyte count (leukocytospermia) of ≥ 1 million/mL is considered abnormal. If round cells exceed this limit, a peroxidase stain is typically performed to differentiate between white blood cells and immature germ cells.