Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: In refeeding syndrome, the initial carbohydrate load leads to severe _____glycemia, which triggers a massive release of insulin.

Answer: hyper

Extra: In refeeding syndrome, the administration of carbohydrates to a severely malnourished patient leads to an initial hyperglycemia. This triggers a massive surge in insulin, which promotes the intracellular shift of glucose along with phosphate, magnesium, and potassium. The resulting **hypophosphatemia** is the hallmark of refeeding syndrome and can lead to life-threatening complications such as arrhythmias, respiratory failure, and seizures.

Flashcard 2: What is the first step in management of a patient of hypercalcemic crisis?_____

Answer: Saline hydration

Flashcard 3: Syndrome _____ is characterized by OSA with metabolic syndrome

Answer: Z

Flashcard 4: In **Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)**, the cut-off values for a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are _____ for fasting, 1 hour, and 2 hours post-load respectively.

Answer: 92, 180, and 153 mg/dL

Flashcard 5: _____ is the most common endocrinopathy occurring as a paraneoplastic syndrome.

Answer: Hypercalcemia (Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy)

Extra: Hypercalcemia is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome overall, typically mediated by PTHrP (Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein). SIADH is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome specifically associated with Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Cushing syndrome (ectopic ACTH) is also a classic paraneoplastic syndrome but is less common than hypercalcemia and SIADH.

Flashcard 6: Secondary sexual characteristics are normal in _____ and Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS).

Answer: Müllerian agenesis (MRKH)

Flashcard 7: Summary of laboratory findings in parathyroid diseases (PTH, Calcium, Phosphate)

Answer: See table for Primary/Secondary/Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism, and Pseudohypoparathyroidism.

Extra: • **Primary Hyperparathyroidism**: ↑ PTH, ↑ Ca²⁺, ↓ PO₄³⁻ • **Secondary Hyperparathyroidism**: ↑ PTH, ↓ Ca²⁺, ↑ PO₄³⁻ • **Hypoparathyroidism**: ↓ PTH, ↓ Ca²⁺, ↑ PO₄³⁻ • **Pseudohypoparathyroidism**: ↑ PTH, ↓ Ca²⁺, ↑ PO₄³⁻ (End-organ resistance)

Flashcard 8: 1. Identify → _____ 2. Use → _____

Answer: Insulin Syringe

Extra: y

Flashcard 9: Features of MEN 4 include (similar to MEN 1): Parathyroid adenoma, Pituitary adenoma, _____ tumors and Adrenal + renal tumors

Answer: Reproductive organ

Flashcard 10: _____ diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia with an inability to concentrate urine due to lack of ADH

Answer: Central