Environmental and Occupational Hazards Indian Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Environmental and Occupational Hazards with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Environmental and Occupational Hazards Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 11: _____ head scales with large ventral scales are seen in poisonous snakes (specifically Vipers)
Answer: Small
Flashcard 12: _____ radiation syndrome occurs after exposure of 600-1000 rad.
Answer: Gastrointestinal
Flashcard 13: _____ radiation syndrome occurs after exposure of 200-300 rad.
Answer: Hematopoietic
Flashcard 14: _____ radiation syndrome occurs after exposure of >5000 rad.
Answer: Neurovascular
Extra: Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) Stages:
- Hematopoietic (Bone Marrow): 200–1000 rad (2–10 Gy)
- Gastrointestinal: 1000–5000 rad (10–50 Gy)
- Neurovascular (CNS/Cerebral): >5000 rad (>50 Gy)
Flashcard 15: The snake family _____ consists of harmless snakes
Answer: Colubridae
Flashcard 16: Which snakes have a neurotoxic venom?_____
Answer: Cobra and Krait (2)
Flashcard 17: Identify the snake with the following characteristics:
- Enlarged hexagonal mid-dorsal (vertebral) scales
- White cross-bands on a dark/blue-black body
- Single (undivided) subcaudal scales
Answer: Common Krait (*Bungarus caeruleus*)
Extra: Common Krait is a highly venomous neurotoxic elapid. Key identification features include:
1. Enlarged hexagonal mid-dorsal (vertebral) scales.
2. Single (undivided) subcaudal scales.
3. Dark body with white cross-bands (often appearing in pairs).
4. No loreal shield.
It is often confused with the non-venomous Common Wolf Snake, which has divided subcaudals and lacks hexagonal dorsals.
Flashcard 18: Which snake is the largest venomous snake in the world and is characterized morphologically by the presence of a pair of large occipital shields?
Answer: King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)
Extra: The King Cobra is the largest venomous snake in the world. It is distinguished from the common cobra (Naja naja) by its larger size and the presence of a pair of large occipital shields (scales) behind the parietal shields. It is a neurotoxic elapid.
Flashcard 19: Snake envenomation is also called _____
Answer: Ophitoxemia
Flashcard 20: Presence of **broad belly scales (ventrals)** covering the entire width of the belly is a feature of _____ venomous snakes.
Answer: land
Extra: Identification of snakes based on belly scales (ventrals):
1. **Non-venomous land snakes**: Belly scales are small or do not cover the full width of the belly.
2. **Sea snakes (Venomous)**: Belly scales are small or absent (tail is compressed/oar-shaped).
3. **Venomous land snakes**: Belly scales are broad and cover the entire width of the belly (exception: Pythons are non-venomous but have broad ventrals).
The **anal plate** is the last ventral scale before the tail.
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