Biostatistics — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: What type of distribution is this? _____

Answer: Normal

Flashcard 2: What type of distribution is this? _____

Answer: Negative/Left

Flashcard 3: What type of distribution is this? _____

Answer: Positive/Right

Flashcard 4: What type of bar graph is represented below? _____

Answer: Compound bar graph

Flashcard 5: The given image is of a _____.

Answer: frequency polygon

Flashcard 6: The given image shows a _____ plot

Answer: funnel

Flashcard 7: What type of bar graph is represented below? _____

Answer: Component bar graph

Flashcard 8: test of significance for normalcy of data is _____ test

Answer: kolmogorov smirnov

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Flashcard 9: non-parametric test of significance is done for _____ and _____ data

Answer: qualitative

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Flashcard 10: sullivan index

Answer: number of years of life lived free from disability

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Flashcard 11: _____ is the probability that when the test is negative, the disease is absent

Answer: Negative predictive value

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Flashcard 12: Formula for Mode for Grouped data, when, \(f_1 = \) _____ \(f_0 = frequency \ of \ class \ above\ modal\ class\) \(f_2 = frequency\ of \ class \ after \ modal \ class\) \(i = group \ interval\) \(L = lower \ limit\ of\ modal\ class\) is given by, _____

Answer: \(Class \ with \ highest \ frequency \ (modal\ class)\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 13: standard error proportions is calculated for _____ data

Answer: qualitative

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Flashcard 14: c65872b736324b578b20a22eef5c027a-ao-5

Answer: tests of significance

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Flashcard 15: harmonic mean is calculated in cases of _____

Answer: inverse data and fractional values

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Flashcard 16: standard error means _____

Answer: means of standard deviation

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Flashcard 17: Sample size for quantitative data, when SD of population is known and allowable error L is given, _____

Answer: \(n= \frac {4SD^2}{L^2}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 18: cut off for z score is _____

Answer: 2 SD(standard deviate)

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Flashcard 19: Formula to calculate Standard Deviation, in Ungrouped data when, \(\bar X = Mean\) \(X - \bar X = difference\ of\ each\ observation\ from\ mean\ (both \ real \ or \ assumed\ mean\ can \ be \ used)\) \(\sum (X - \bar X)^2 = Sum \ of \ squared \ of \ mean\ deviations\) is given by, _____ Another way to calculate is given by, _____

Answer: \(SD = \sqrt \frac {\sum (X - \bar X)^2}{n-1}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 20: IDD(iodine def. disorder) survey is done using _____ sampling method

Answer: cluster

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Flashcard 21: Most commonly used sampling method is _____

Answer: simple random sampling

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Flashcard 22: 3675d56a2e7b4499a8f95928687a3c92-ao-1

Answer: sensitivity,specificity,PPV,NPV relations-MCQ AIIMS 18

Extra: ? P for P goes down 

Flashcard 23: formula for specificity

Answer:

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Flashcard 24: _____

Answer: histogram

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Flashcard 25: yield of a test corresponds to _____

Answer: PPV

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Flashcard 26: _____ is a test of significance for internal consistency of questionnaire

Answer: cronbach's alpha score

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Flashcard 27: Mean for Ungrouped series, when x = observations given n = total number of observations given _____

Answer: \([\overline{x} = \frac{\sum x}{n}]\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 28: standard deviation =3 mean =18 coefficient of variation=_____%

Answer: 16.67

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Flashcard 29: Sample size calculation for qualitative data, when proportions are given \(p = positive \ character\ in \ \%\) \(q= negative\ character\ in\ \% (100-p) \) \(L = allowable \ error, \ usually \ 10 \% \ or \ 20\% \ of \ p\) is given by _____

Answer: \(n = \frac {4pq}{L^2}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 30: mid year population is calculated on _____

Answer: 1st july

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Flashcard 31: global annual growth rate is _____%

Answer: 1.07

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Flashcard 32: 5ce54378cee641398d486f0bc8c03a91-ao-2

Answer: false negative error rate

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Flashcard 33: formula for Median, where n = the total number of observations is an even number, Median = _____

Answer: \([M = \frac{(\frac{n}{2})^{th}term + (\frac{n}{2}+1)^{th}term}{2}]\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 34: Formular for Mean (assumed mean method), for Ungrouped data When individual observations are large in size, we take \(w\) as assumed mean, and mean of deviations from assumed mean is denoted by, _____ and, Mean is calculated by, _____

Answer: \(\bar x = \frac{(X_1-w+X_2-w+X_3-+.....X_n-w)}{n} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n (X_i - w)}{n}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 35: null hypothesis is _____ if p value is >0.05

Answer: accepted

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Flashcard 36: false _____ error is more serious than false _____ error

Answer: positive

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Flashcard 37: 5ce54378cee641398d486f0bc8c03a91-ao-4

Answer: false positive error rate

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Flashcard 38: regression in psm means _____

Answer: prediction

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Flashcard 39: _____ is used to detect bias publication

Answer: funnel plot

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Flashcard 40: bar chart is used for plotting _____ data

Answer: qualitative

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Flashcard 41: odds=0.5 probability=

Answer: 0.33

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Flashcard 42: HALE(health adjusted life expectancy) means

Answer: number of years lived in full health which is free from ill health

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Flashcard 43: _____ type regression is used for quantitative variations

Answer: linear

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Flashcard 44: current life expectancy in india is _____ years

Answer: 67.5

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Flashcard 45: statistical power of a test=_____

Answer: 1 - ß

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Flashcard 46: c65872b736324b578b20a22eef5c027a-ao-3

Answer: tests of significance

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Flashcard 47: * Total Fertility Rate (TFR) → _____ . It is computed by _____. This measure gives the approximate magnitude of _____. TFR of _____ is equivalent to replacement level * Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR) → Avg. number of children that would be born to a _____ if she experience the current fertility pattern thorughout her reproductive span. * Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) → Avg. number of _____ that would be born to a woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span (15-44/49yrs), assuming _____ * Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) → It is defined as the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her lifetime assuming fixed _____ and _____ rates. It is a demographic indicator. NRR of _____ is equivalent to attaining the 2-child norm i.e replacement level

Answer: It represents the avg. number of children a woman would have if she were to pass through her reproductive years bearing children at the same rates as the women now in each age group

Extra: y

Flashcard 48: constricting type of age pyramid is for _____ countries

Answer: devloped

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Flashcard 49: _____ is the test of significance for level of agreement bw 2 criteria

Answer: KAPPA test

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Flashcard 50: regression is _____ type in qualiitative variation

Answer: logistic

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Flashcard 51: _____ measure is the most affected by extreme values

Answer: mean

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Flashcard 52: kaplan mier analysis method is for _____

Answer: survival statistics

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Flashcard 53: _____ is the probability that when the disease is absent, the test is negative

Answer: Specificity

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Flashcard 54: Standard Error can be calculated by: _____ ( n-1 in case of small samples <30, for t-test) _____ _____ or, _____ \( \ where \ combined \ s\ = \) _____ _____

Answer: \(SE_{mean} = \frac {SD}{\sqrt n}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 55: _____ is the test of significance for to compare a new test with a gold standard test

Answer: Bland altman analysis

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Flashcard 56: the given graph is called _____

Answer: venn chart

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Flashcard 57: Formula for Standard Deviation for Grouped data, when, \(Xg = Mid-point \ of \ each \ groups \ is \ taken \) and, any convenient group may be taken as working mean (\(w\)) → \(f = frequency \ of \ each \ group\) → Working units are denoted as, _____ where, \(i = Group \ interval\) → Then, deviation of group in working units is derived by \(f \times x\) → Squared deviation of groups is \(= f \times x^2\) Mean in working units is given by : \(\bar x = \frac {\sum fx}{n}, \) and True Mean is given by \(\bar X = w \ + \ \bar x \times i\) Standard deviation in working units is _____ True SD is, _____

Answer: \(x = \frac {Xg - w}{i}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 58: de4dcbb8321648c59eb0eb9463b92568-ao-2

Answer: population growth rate

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Flashcard 59: _____ plots are used to plot correlation

Answer: scatter

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Flashcard 60: test of significance for outliers is _____ test

Answer: Dixon's Q

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Flashcard 61: formula for sample size calculation

Answer:

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Flashcard 62: * Child-woman Ratio → _____ \(\times\) _____ * Pregnancy Rate → _____ \(\times\) _____ * Abortion Rate → _____ \(\times\) _____ * Abortion Ratio → _____ \(\times\) _____ * Crude Marriage Rate → _____ \(\times\) _____ * General Marriage Rate → _____ \(\times\) _____

Answer: \(\frac {No.\ of\ children\ 0-4\ yrs\ of\ age\ }{ Women\ of\ reproductive\ age\ (15-44/49yrs)}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 63: youden's index gives _____

Answer: utility of a test 

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Flashcard 64: formula for Median, where n = the total number of observations is an odd number, Median = _____

Answer: \([M = (\frac{n+1}{2})^{th}\text{ term}]\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 65: _____ plot helps to analyse the overall effect in meta analysis

Answer: forest

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Flashcard 66: To test significance for non-parametric data i.e. qualitative data for which frequencies are calculated, _____ is used, → First, a 2x2 table is created, → Expected Value (E) is determined for each group, where _____ → Observed value (O) is the observed frequency for that cell → Chi-Square value is given by, \( \chi^2 \) = _____ → If frequency for any cell is less than _____, _____ has to be applied by modifying the formula for \(\chi^2=\) _____ → \(\chi^2\) value pertaining to highest possible value obtaining by chance alone, for desired degrees of freedom (i.e. _____ is obtained from Table → If \(\chi^2_{obtained} \ > \chi^2_{calculated}\), then the difference is statistically _____

Answer: Chi-Square Test

Extra:  y

Flashcard 67: the given graph is _____

Answer: component bar chart

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Flashcard 68: parametric test of significance is done for _____ data

Answer: quantitative and normal distriibution

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Flashcard 69: 3675d56a2e7b4499a8f95928687a3c92-ao-3

Answer: sensitivity,specificity,PPV,NPV relations-MCQ AIIMS 18

Extra: ? P for P goes down 

Flashcard 70: zone of normalsy in normal distribution curve is between _____

Answer: +2 and -2 SD(standard deviation)

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Flashcard 71: test of significance for ordinal data is _____ test

Answer: wilcoxan rank

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Flashcard 72: Mean for grouped data, where \(f\) = frequency of each group \(X\) = value of each group _____

Answer:  \(\frac {\sum fX}{n}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 73: coefficient of determination formula

Answer: r being correlation value

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Flashcard 74: false postitive error rate is related to _____ error

Answer: type 1

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Flashcard 75: national family health survey is used for _____ indicators

Answer: health and morbidity

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Flashcard 76: What equation is used to calculate positive predictive value (PPV) using the table below? _____

Answer: PPV = TP / (TP + FP)

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Flashcard 77: dependency ratio in india is _____

Answer: 50.2%

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Flashcard 78: p value ranges from  _____

Answer: 0 to 1

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Flashcard 79: _____ is the last affected measure by extreme values

Answer: mode

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Flashcard 80: To calculate significance of difference in proportions, \(Z=\) _____ (from universe to sample), where \(SE_{proportion}\) = _____ or, \(Z=\) _____  (from sample to sample), where \(SE_{(p_1 - p_2)} = \) _____

Answer: \(\frac {Observed \ difference}{SE_{proportion} } = \frac {p-P}{SE_{proportion} }\)

Extra:  y

Flashcard 81: _____ plot

Answer: pearson correlation

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Flashcard 82: normal distribution curve is aka _____

Answer: gaussian distribution curve

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Flashcard 83: 3675d56a2e7b4499a8f95928687a3c92-ao-2

Answer: sensitivity,specificity,PPV,NPV relations-MCQ AIIMS 18

Extra: ? P for P goes down 

Flashcard 84: blood pressure is _____ type of data

Answer: quantitative

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Flashcard 85: crude birth rate of india is _____ per 1000 MYP

Answer: 20

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Flashcard 86: sample registration system(SRS) is conducted every  _____ time

Answer: 6 months

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Flashcard 87: _____ is the best measure of central tendency

Answer: mean

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Flashcard 88: demographic gap is maximum in _____ of demographic cycle

Answer: late  part of stage 2

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Flashcard 89: What equation is used to calculate sensitivity using the table below? _____

Answer: Sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN)

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Flashcard 90: Formula for Mean for grouped data, where the values are given in categories, where, \(Xg = mid-point \ of \ each \ group\) \(f = frequency \ of \ each \ group\) is, _____

Answer: \(\bar X = \frac {\sum f \times Xg}{n}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 91: _____ was the founder of demography

Answer: Achille guillard

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Flashcard 92: observed Hb=18 g/dl mean Hb=14 g/dl standard deviation =2 g/dl z score=?

Answer: z score=2

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Flashcard 93: unknown confounder is treated with

Answer: RSSR randomisation standardisation stratification regression ** MCQ AIIMS 19

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Flashcard 94: For small samples, to calculate significance of difference between means, t-test is applied →To compare unpaired data i.e independent observations done on individuals of two different or separate groups or samples drawn from two populations, _____ is used → t-value can be calculated by, \(t=\) _____, where s = _____

Answer: unpaired t-test

Extra:  y

Flashcard 95: SE[standard error mean] formula(for quantitative data)

Answer:

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Flashcard 96: Formula for Median for grouped data, where Median group is where _____ lies \(L = \)_____ \(f_1 = \) _____ \(f_0 = \) _____ \(C_{f_0} = \) _____ \(i = group \ interval\) is given by _____

Answer: \(\frac {n}{2}^{th}\) observation

Extra: y

Flashcard 97: geometric mean is calculated in cases of _____

Answer: extreme values and exponential data

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Flashcard 98: Some other measures of variability are: →Range = _____ →Coefficient of Range = _____ →Quartile Deviation = _____ →Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = _____ where, \(H\ =\ Highest\ Value\) \(L\ =\ Lowest\ Value\) \(Q_3 = 3(\frac {n+1}{4})^{th} observation\) \(Q_1 = (\frac {n+1}{4})^{th} observation\)

Answer: \(H-L\) 

Extra: y

Flashcard 99: Coeffecient of variation, is given by _____

Answer: \(CV = \frac {SD}{Mean} \times 100\ \%\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 100: c65872b736324b578b20a22eef5c027a-ao-6

Answer: tests of significance

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Flashcard 101: formula for negative predictive value(PPV)

Answer:

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Flashcard 102: c65872b736324b578b20a22eef5c027a-ao-4

Answer: tests of significance

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Flashcard 103: In any sampling distribution, → _____includes 68% of the observations → _____ includes 95% of the observations (95% confidence interval) →_____ includes 99% of the observations (99% confidence interval)

Answer: \(Mean \pm1SE \) 

Extra: y

Flashcard 104: type I error[alpha] means _____

Answer: when a true null hypothesis is rejected

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Flashcard 105: standard deviation formula is

Answer: root mean squared deviation take whole root n-1 if <30

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Flashcard 106: _____ was first to publish a study in field of demography

Answer: John graunt

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Flashcard 107: the given graph is _____

Answer: multiple bar chart

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Flashcard 108: world population day is on _____

Answer: 11th july

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Flashcard 109: Type 2 error[beta] means _____

Answer: when false null hypothesis is accepted

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Flashcard 110: there is registration of _____ in civil registration system(CRS)

Answer: death and birth

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Flashcard 111: formula for diagnostic accuracy of a test

Answer: remember---truth(both true values)/speak(everything all 4) 1-beta for ???

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Flashcard 112: _____ sampling is done in large homogenous population

Answer: cluster

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Flashcard 113: median=40 mean=20 Mode=

Answer: Mode=80 mode=3 median - 2 mean

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Flashcard 114: c65872b736324b578b20a22eef5c027a-ao-2

Answer: tests of significance

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Flashcard 115: _____ analysis method is preferred to interpret RCT

Answer: intention to treat

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Flashcard 116: probability=0.2 odds=

Answer: 0.25

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Flashcard 117: annual growth rate of india is _____%

Answer: 1.02

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Flashcard 118: formula for false negative error rate(FNER)

Answer: Fn/Fn+Tp

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Flashcard 119: For applying Z-test, \(Z = \) _____ Now to test significance, _____ or, \(Z=\) _____, where s = _____ If _____ at given level of significance, then the observed difference is said to be statistically _____ (_____ is rejected in favor of _____)

Answer: \(\frac {Observed \ difference \ between \ two \ sample \ means}{SE \ of \ difference \ between \ two \ sample \ means}\)

Extra:  y

Flashcard 120: standard error mean is calculated for _____ data

Answer: quantitative

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Flashcard 121: _____ measure is the least affected by extreme values

Answer: median

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Flashcard 122: _____ is the most robust measure of central tendancy

Answer: mode

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Flashcard 123: For small samples, to calculate significance of difference between means, t-test is applied, → To compare paired data i.e. independent observations from one sample only, _____ is used t-value is given by, \(t=\) _____

Answer: paired t-test

Extra:  y

Flashcard 124: Formula for Mean for grouped data using the assumed mean method, where, → \(Xg = Mid-point \ of \ each \ groups \ is \ taken \) and, any convenient group may be taken as working mean (\(w\)) → \(f = frequency \ of \ each \ group\) → Working units are denoted as, _____ where, \(i = Group \ interval\) → Then, Grouped weight is derived by \(f \times X \) Now, Mean in Working units is, _____ Real Mean is given by, _____

Answer: \(X = \frac {Xg - w}{i}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 125: false negative error rate is related to _____ error

Answer: type 2

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Flashcard 126: variance=

Answer: (SD)2

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Flashcard 127: major determinant of age dependancy ratio is _____

Answer: young dependancy ratio

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Flashcard 128: 1st census was conducted in _____

Answer: 1881

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Flashcard 129: formula for FPER(False positive error rate)

Answer:

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Flashcard 130: _____ plot

Answer: spearman correalation

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Flashcard 131: diagnostic capacity of a test is given by _____

Answer: positive predictive value

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Flashcard 132: For small samples, to calculate significance of difference between means, t-test is applied → To compare the mean of a single group of observations with a specified value, _____ is done → \(t = \) _____ → Obtained value is compared to t-value given for given degree of freedom (_____) and significance level (corresponding p-value) from table → If t-value obtained > given t-value, then the difference is said to be statistically _____

Answer: One sample t-test

Extra:  y

Flashcard 133: Relative or Standard Normal Deviate or Variate (Z) _____

Answer: \(Z = \frac {Observation - Mean}{SD}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 134: c65872b736324b578b20a22eef5c027a-ao-1

Answer: tests of significance

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Flashcard 135: _____ predictive value varies inversely with pretest probability

Answer: Negative

Flashcard 136: When lowering the cutoff point for a disease, the _____ and PPV will decrease

Answer: specificity

Flashcard 137: Bar graphs can be used for representing _____ scale data that forms discrete categories

Answer: ordinal/nominal

Flashcard 138: _____ = (1 - sensitivity) / specificity

Answer: Negative likelihood ratio

Flashcard 139: _____ is least affected by outliers but mean is the most affected out of all the measures of location.

Answer: Mode

Flashcard 140: Below is an example of _____ precision and low accuracy:

Answer: high

Flashcard 141: Histograms can be used for representing _____ scale data that forms continuous categories

Answer: quantitative

Flashcard 142: Randomization can be done in a blocked manner where randomization is done within _____ in order to ensure equal balance in number of treatment and control subjects throughout the study

Answer: blocks of 4-8 subjects

Flashcard 143: A positive likelihood ratio > _____ indicates a highly specific test.

Answer: 10

Flashcard 144: _____ is decreased by systematic error in a test

Answer: Accuracy

Flashcard 145: Publication bias ('the file drawer effect') is a systematic error of _____ that results from only using published studies

Answer: meta-analysis

Flashcard 146: In order to determine a confidence interval of a _____ at a given alpha value, the standard deviation, and sample size are also necessary

Answer: sample mean

Flashcard 147: The _____ rate of a test is equal to 1 - specificity

Answer: false positive

Flashcard 148: Probability is the _____ of having an event where P=Odds/1+Odds

Answer: risk

Flashcard 149: When lowering the cutoff point for a disease, the _____ and NPV will increase

Answer: sensitivity

Flashcard 150: Below is an example of _____ precision and low accuracy:

Answer: low

Flashcard 151: Below is an example of _____ precision and high accuracy:

Answer: low

Flashcard 152: Below is an example of _____ precision and high accuracy:

Answer: high

Flashcard 153: _____ is decreased by random error in a test

Answer: Precision

Flashcard 154: Meta-analyses are limited by:- _____ of individual studies- bias in study selection

Answer: quantity

Flashcard 155: Converting Probability (P) to Odds (O), O = (_____)/(1-P)

Answer: P

Flashcard 156: When raising the cutoff point for a disease, the _____ and NPV will decrease

Answer: sensitivity

Flashcard 157: Exclusion criteria can result in _____ being compromised if too strict, maximizing Internal Validity

Answer: External Validity

Flashcard 158: The chi-square test can be used to evaluate whether the _____ frequency of an occurence is consistent with the observed frequency of that occurence

Answer: expected

Flashcard 159: _____ is also called as post-test probability of a disease/ precision rate

Answer: PPV

Flashcard 160: Bimodality usually indicates that the study material _____ homogenous, and two causative factors might be in effect

Answer: was not (was/was not)

Flashcard 161: The confidence interval is smaller with a _____ sample size.

Answer: larger (larger/smaller)

Flashcard 162: Can histograms be used for making ogive/frequency polygon?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 163: Statistical power of a test is calculated as _____

Answer: 1-(Type II error)

Flashcard 164: Calculating Mode (using mean and median) = _____

Answer: 3 median 2 mean

Flashcard 165: What type of distribution is this?_____

Answer: Positive/Right

Flashcard 166: _____ distribution is the probability distribution that describes the chances of an event in a particular time frame

Answer: Poissons

Flashcard 167: The horizontal line on either side of rectangles in the Forest plot represent _____

Answer: confidence intervals

Flashcard 168: Measurements on the celsius scale represent _____ scale data

Answer: interval

Flashcard 169: _____ is equal to years lived with disability added with the years of life lost due to disability

Answer: Disability adjusted life years (DALY)

Flashcard 170: Which statistical test is useful for evaluating the effectiveness of a healthcare program?_____

Answer: Incidence

Flashcard 171: Calculating one variable using another variable is done using coefficient of _____

Answer: regression

Flashcard 172: _____ is the statistical term used for an observation or value that is very distant from other observations in the distribution.

Answer: Outlier

Flashcard 173: _____ refers to the time when 50% of the population is alive

Answer: Median survival

Flashcard 174: What type of distribution is this?_____

Answer: Normal

Flashcard 175: Interval and ratio scale data represent _____ type of data scales

Answer: quantitative (qualitative/quantitative)

Flashcard 176: Nominal and ordinal scale data represent _____ type of data scales

Answer: qualitative (qualitative/quantitative)

Flashcard 177: In a distribution with outliers, preferred measure of central tendency is the _____.

Answer: median

Flashcard 178: The width of the base of the gaussian curve is directly proportional to the _____

Answer: margin of error

Flashcard 179: What type of distribution is this?_____

Answer: Negative/Left

Flashcard 180: Values such as Male/female; red/green; sub-urban/rural represent _____ scale data

Answer: nominal

Flashcard 181: _____ numbers of observations are a frequent source of bimodality, which makes their interpretation difficult.

Answer: Small (Large/Small)

Flashcard 182: Active life expectancy is also referred to as _____ index

Answer: Sullivan's

Flashcard 183: Values such as rank orders, or mild-moderate-severe represent _____ scale data

Answer: ordinal

Flashcard 184: The size of the rectangles in the Forest plot represent _____

Answer: sample size

Flashcard 185: If the lateral corners of the diamond touches the vertical solid line, the overall result _____ statistically significant

Answer: is not (is/is not)

Flashcard 186: Calculating Mean  (using mode and median) = _____

Answer: (3 median mode).

Flashcard 187: The forest plot is also referred to as _____

Answer: blobbogram

Flashcard 188: Calculating survival rate: (Total number of patients alive after 5 yrs /Total number of patients diagnosed or treated) x _____

Answer: 100

Flashcard 189: _____ that involves combining results from multiple studies on a given topic.

Answer: Meta-analysis

Flashcard 190: The _____ is a measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into quartiles

Answer: interquartile range (IQR)

Flashcard 191: Measurements on the kelvin scale or pulse represent _____ scale data

Answer: ratio

Flashcard 192: What is the first step of the Chi-square test?_____

Answer: to test the null hypothesis

Flashcard 193: Method for comparison of a new test with an available gold standard test is _____ test

Answer: Correlation/ Bland Altmann

Flashcard 194: _____ analysis is done to include the dropouts of the trial in RCT

Answer: Intention-to-treat (ITT)

Flashcard 195: _____ t-test is used to compare two groups of patients for a quantitative variable

Answer: Unpaired/student

Flashcard 196: In a negatively skewed distribution, Mean _____ Median _____ Mode

Answer: <; <