Non-Communicable Diseases Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice Indian Medical PG questions for Non-Communicable Diseases. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Non-Communicable Diseases Indian Medical PG Question 1: Which of the following is not a differential diagnosis of non-accidental injury?
- A. Osteogenesis imperfecta
- B. Scurvy
- C. Caffey's disease
- D. Osteopetrosis (Correct Answer)
Non-Communicable Diseases Explanation: ***Correct: Osteopetrosis***
- Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by **increased bone density** due to defective osteoclast function
- While it causes bones to be brittle and prone to fracture, it has **distinctive radiological features** including diffuse sclerosis and "bone-within-bone" appearance
- The **increased bone density on X-ray** is pathognomonic and readily distinguishes it from NAI, making it **less likely to be confused** with non-accidental injury in clinical practice
- Fractures occur but the radiological pattern is diagnostic of the underlying metabolic bone disease
*Incorrect: Osteogenesis imperfecta*
- This is a **classic differential** for NAI causing **multiple brittle bone fractures** that can be mistaken for abuse
- Features include **blue sclera**, **dentinogenesis imperfecta**, **wormian bones**, and **family history**
- Often presents with multiple fractures at different stages of healing, mimicking the pattern seen in NAI
*Incorrect: Scurvy*
- Caused by **vitamin C deficiency**, leads to defective collagen synthesis
- Results in **subperiosteal hemorrhages**, **metaphyseal fractures**, and **periosteal elevation** that closely mimic NAI
- Additional features include **gingival bleeding**, **petechiae**, **follicular hyperkeratosis**, and **poor wound healing**
*Incorrect: Caffey's disease*
- Also known as **infantile cortical hyperostosis**, presents in infants under 6 months
- Causes **periosteal reactions**, **bone thickening**, and **soft tissue swelling** in long bones, ribs, and mandible
- The periosteal new bone formation can be mistaken for healing fractures from NAI, making it an important differential
Non-Communicable Diseases Indian Medical PG Question 2: Which National Programme came into existence during 11th Five Year Plan?
- A. National Cardiovascular diseases and Stroke control programme
- B. National Diabetes and Cancer control programme
- C. National Cancer control programme
- D. National Programme for prevention and control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases and Stroke (Correct Answer)
Non-Communicable Diseases Explanation: ***National Programme for prevention and control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases and Stroke***
- This comprehensive national program was launched during the **11th Five Year Plan** to address the growing burden of non-communicable diseases in India.
- It integrates the prevention and control efforts for **Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases, and Stroke** under a single umbrella.
*National Cardiovascular diseases & Stroke control programme*
- While cardiovascular diseases and stroke are a major focus, this particular phrasing does not represent the full scope of the program initiated during the 11th Five Year Plan.
- The actual program was broader, encompassing other significant non-communicable diseases.
*National Diabetes and Cancer control programme*
- This option is incomplete as it omits **cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)** and **stroke**, which were crucial components of the integrated program.
- The 11th Five Year Plan emphasized a more holistic approach to major non-communicable diseases.
*National Cancer control programme*
- A **National Cancer Control Programme** existed prior to and was integrated into the broader initiative during the 11th Five Year Plan.
- This option only refers to a specific disease, failing to capture the comprehensive nature of the new program.
Non-Communicable Diseases Indian Medical PG Question 3: Which of the following is not a criterion suggesting causality in non communicable diseases?
- A. Specificity of association
- B. Dose response relationship
- C. Strength of association
- D. Lack of temporal association (Correct Answer)
Non-Communicable Diseases Explanation: ***Lack of temporal association***
- For an exposure to cause a non-communicable disease, the exposure must precede the disease onset; therefore, a **lack of temporal association** explicitly argues *against* causality.
- This criterion is a fundamental principle of causality, as the **cause must occur before the effect**.
*Specificity of association*
- This criterion suggests that a single exposure should lead to a single disease. However, in non-communicable diseases, a single risk factor may contribute to multiple diseases (e.g., smoking and lung cancer, heart disease, stroke), and a single disease can have **multiple causes**.
- While it was important in the original Bradford Hill criteria, its relevance is diminished in modern epidemiology due to the **multifactorial nature of chronic diseases**.
*Dose response relationship*
- This criterion implies that as the **amount or duration of exposure increases**, the **risk or severity of the disease also increases**.
- This is a strong indicator of causality because it suggests a biological gradient.
*Strength of association*
- A strong association, often measured by a **high relative risk or odds ratio**, increases the likelihood of a causal relationship.
- A weak association, while not ruling out causality, makes it less likely to be directly causal and more likely to be influenced by other factors or confounding variables.
Non-Communicable Diseases Indian Medical PG Question 4: STEPS is done for:
- A. Surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable disease (Correct Answer)
- B. Surveillance of mortality from non-communicable disease
- C. Surveillance of evaluation of treatment of non-communicable disease
- D. Surveillance of incidence of non-communicable disease
Non-Communicable Diseases Explanation: ***Surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable disease***
- STEPS is a **WHO-designed sequential survey** that tracks **risk factors** of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in a stepwise approach.
- It collects data on behavioral risk factors (e.g., tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity), physical measurements (e.g., blood pressure, weight, height), and biochemical measurements (e.g., blood glucose, cholesterol).
*Surveillance of mortality from non-communicable disease*
- While related to NCDs, STEPS primarily focuses on **risk factors** that lead to these diseases, not directly on mortality data.
- Mortality surveillance is typically conducted through **vital registration systems** and health information systems.
*Surveillance of evaluation of treatment of non-communicable disease*
- STEPS surveys are not designed to evaluate the **effectiveness of specific treatments** for NCDs.
- Evaluating treatment efficacy usually involves **clinical trials** or specific cohort studies.
*Surveillance of incidence of non-communicable disease*
- Although the presence of risk factors influences incidence, STEPS primarily measures the **prevalence of risk factors**, not the incidence (new cases) of NCDs themselves.
- Incidence studies require longitudinal follow-up of populations.
Non-Communicable Diseases Indian Medical PG Question 5: WHO global target for prevention and control of non communicable diseases by 2025 is to decrease the prevalence of raised blood pressure (hypertension) by
- A. 75%
- B. 25% (Correct Answer)
- C. 90%
- D. 55%
Non-Communicable Diseases Explanation: ***25%***
- The World Health Organization (WHO) set a **global target** to achieve a **25% relative reduction** in the prevalence of **raised blood pressure (hypertension)** by 2025 (compared to 2010 baseline).
- This target is part of the **WHO Global Action Plan for NCDs** and the Global Monitoring Framework to combat **non-communicable diseases (NCDs)**.
*75%*
- A 75% reduction in hypertension prevalence is an **unrealistically ambitious** target given current global health challenges and interventions.
- While significant reductions are desired, the evidence-based target set by WHO is a more achievable 25% reduction.
*90%*
- A 90% reduction is not one of the specifically stated **WHO global targets** for hypertension by 2025.
- Such a drastic reduction would require unprecedented public health interventions and is not supported by current evidence.
*55%*
- 55% is not a recognized **WHO target** for the prevention and control of hypertension by 2025.
- The established global target from the WHO NCD Global Monitoring Framework specifically focuses on a **25% relative reduction**.
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