A 61-year-old man presents with back pain and hematuria. The patient says his back pain gradually onset 6 months ago and has progressively worsened. He describes the pain as moderate, dull and aching, and localized to the lower back and right flank. Also, he says that, for the past 2 weeks, he has been having intermittent episodes of hematuria. The patient denies any recent history of fever, chills, syncope, night sweats, dysuria or pain on urination. His past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction (MI) 3 years ago status post percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities, worst in the popliteal arteries, with an ankle:brachial index of 1.4. Also, he has had 2 episodes of obstructive nephrolithiasis in the past year caused by calcium oxalate stones, for which he takes potassium citrate. His family history is significant for his father who died of renovascular hypertension at age 55. The patient reports a 20-pack-year smoking history and moderates to heavy daily alcohol use. A review of systems is significant for an unintentional 6.8 kg (15 lb) weight loss over the last 2 months. The vital signs include: blood pressure 145/95 mm Hg, pulse 71/min, temperature 37.2℃ (98.9℉), and respiratory rate 18/min. On physical examination, the patient has moderate right costovertebral angle tenderness (CVAT). A contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis reveals an enhancing mass in the upper pole of the right kidney. A percutaneous renal biopsy of the mass confirms renal cell carcinoma. Which of the following was the most significant risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in this patient?
AHistory of obstructive nephrolithiasis
BModerate to heavy daily alcohol use
C20-pack-year smoking history
DFamily history of renovascular hypertension
EPeripheral vascular disease
A 53-year-old male presents to your office for abdominal discomfort. The patient states he first noticed pain on his right flank several months ago, and it has been gradually getting worse. For the past week, he has also noticed blood in his urine. Prior to this episode, he has been healthy and does not take any medications. The patient denies fever, chills, and dysuria. He has a 40 pack-year smoking history. Vital signs are T 37 C, BP 140/90 mmHg, HR 84/min, RR 14/min, O2 98%. Physical exam is unremarkable. CBC reveals a hemoglobin of 17 and hematocrit of 51%, and urinalysis is positive for red blood cells, negative for leukocytes. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
APyelonephritis
BRenal oncocytoma
CRenal cell carcinoma
DAbdominal aortic aneurysm
EPolycystic kidney disease
A 40-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He feels well. He has no urinary urgency, increased frequency, dysuria, or gross hematuria. He has a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. His last urinary tract infection was 3 months ago and was treated with ciprofloxacin. Current medications include a multivitamin. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 18 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. The abdomen is soft and nontender. There is no costovertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11.2 g/dL Leukocyte count 9,500/mm3 Platelet count 170,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 135 mEq/L K+ 4.9 mEq/L Cl- 101 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL Urine Blood 2+ Protein negative RBC 5–7/hpf, normal shape and size RBC casts negative WBC 0–2/hpf Bacteria negative Urine cultures are negative. Urine analysis is repeated and shows similar results. A cystoscopy shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
AAnnual urinalysis
BReassurance
CCT urography
DVoided urine cytology
ETransrectal ultrasound
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