A four-week-old female is evaluated in the neonatal intensive care unit for feeding intolerance with gastric retention of formula. She was born at 25 weeks gestation to a 32-year-old gravida 1 due to preterm premature rupture of membranes at 24 weeks gestation. The patient’s birth weight was 750 g (1 lb 10 oz). She required resuscitation with mechanical ventilation at the time of delivery, but she was subsequently extubated to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and then weaned to nasal cannula. The patient was initially receiving both parenteral nutrition and enteral feeds through a nasogastric tube, but she is now receiving only continuous nasogastric formula feeds. Her feeds are being advanced to a target weight gain of 20-30 g per day. Her current weight is 1,350 g (2 lb 16 oz). The patient’s temperature is 97.2°F (36.2°C), blood pressure is 72/54 mmHg, pulse is 138/min, respirations are 26/min, and SpO2 is 96% on 4L nasal cannula. On physical exam, the patient appears lethargic. Her abdomen is soft and markedly distended. Digital rectal exam reveals stool streaked with blood in the rectal vault. Which of the following abdominal radiographs would most likely be seen in this patient?
AAir in the biliary tree
BNormal bowel gas pattern
CDilated loops of bowel
DPneumoperitoneum
EPneumatosis intestinalis
A 32-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of recurrent episodes of vomiting for 1 day. He has had over 15 episodes of bilious vomiting. During this period he has had cramping abdominal pain but has not had a bowel movement or passed flatus. He does not have fever or diarrhea. He was diagnosed with Crohn disease at the age of 28 years which has been well controlled with oral mesalamine. He underwent a partial small bowel resection for midgut volvulus at birth. His other medications include vitamin B12, folic acid, loperamide, ferrous sulfate, and vitamin D3. He appears uncomfortable and his lips are parched. His temperature is 37.1°C (99.3°F), pulse is 103/min, and blood pressure is 104/70 mm Hg. The abdomen is distended, tympanitic, and tender to palpation over the periumbilical area and the right lower quadrant. Rectal examination is unremarkable. A CT scan of the abdomen shows multiple dilated loops of small bowel with a transition zone in the mid to distal ileum. After 24 hours of conservative management with IV fluid resuscitation, nasogastric bowel decompression, promethazine, and analgesia, his condition does not improve and a laparotomy is scheduled. During the laparotomy, two discrete strictures are noted in the mid-ileum, around 20 cm apart. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
ASmall bowel resection with ileostomy
BAbdominal closure and start palliative care
CSmall bowel resection and primary anastomosis
DStrictureplasty of individual strictures
EIleocolectomy
An institutionalized 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of abdominal pain and distension for 12 hours. The pain was acute in onset and is a cramping-type pain associated with nausea, vomiting, and constipation. He has a history of chronic constipation and has used laxatives for years. There is no history of inflammatory bowel disease in his family. He has not been hospitalized recently. There is no recent history of weight loss or change in bowel habits. On physical examination, the patient appears ill. The abdomen is distended with tenderness mainly in the left lower quadrant and is tympanic on percussion. The blood pressure is 110/79 mm Hg, heart rate is 100/min, the respiratory rate is 20/min, and the temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F). The CBC shows an elevated white blood cell count. The plain abdominal X-ray is shown in the accompanying image. What is the most likely cause of his condition?
ASigmoid volvulus
BIntussusception
CAcute diverticulitis
DToxic megacolon
EColon cancer
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