A 75 year-old gentleman presents to his general practitioner. He is currently being treated for hypertension and is on a multi-drug regimen. His current blood pressure is 180/100. The physician would like to begin treatment with minoxidil or hydralazine. Which of the following side effects is associated with administration of these drugs?
APersistent cough
BCyanosis in extremities
CFetal renal toxicity
DSystemic volume loss
EReflex tachycardia
A 59-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure presents to his cardiologist for a follow-up visit. His past medical history is notable for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity. He takes metformin, glyburide, aspirin, lisinopril, and metoprolol. He has a 40 pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol socially. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 150/65 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals bilateral rales at the lung bases and 1+ edema in the bilateral legs. The physician decides to start the patient on an additional diuretic but warns the patient about an increased risk of breast enlargement. Which of the following is the most immediate physiologic effect of the medication in question?
ADecreased sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
BDecreased bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
CDecreased sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb
DDecreased renin enzyme activity
EDecreased sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct
On cardiology service rounds, your team sees a patient admitted with an acute congestive heart failure exacerbation. In congestive heart failure, decreased cardiac function leads to decreased renal perfusion, which eventually leads to excess volume retention. To test your knowledge of physiology, your attending asks you which segment of the nephron is responsible for the majority of water absorption. Which of the following is a correct pairing of the segment of the nephron that reabsorbs the majority of all filtered water with the means by which that segment absorbs water?
ADistal convoluted tubule via passive diffusion following ion reabsorption
BDistal convoluted tubule via aquaporin channels
CThick ascending loop of Henle via passive diffusion following ion reabsorption
DProximal convoluted tubule via passive diffusion following ion reabsorption
ECollecting duct via aquaporin channels
+ 7 more in the PDF
Browse all chapters