A 73-year-old man presents to your clinic for a routine checkup. His medical history is notable for a previous myocardial infarction. He states that he has not seen a doctor in "many years". He has no complaints. When you auscultate over the cardiac apex with the bell of your stethoscope, you notice an additional sound immediately preceding S1. This extra heart sound is most likely indicative of which of the following processes?
ADecreased left ventricular compliance
BIncreased left ventricular compliance
CIncreased pulmonary compliance
DDecreased left ventricular filling volume
EIncreased left ventricular filling volume
A 67-year-old male with a history of poorly controlled hypertension, COPD, and diabetes presents to his cardiologist for a routine appointment. He reports that he has no current complaints and has not noticed any significant changes in his health. On exam, the cardiologist hears an extra heart sound in late diastole that immediately precedes S1. This heart sound is most associated with which of the following?
ALeft ventricular hypertrophy
BIncreased filling pressures
CMitral regurgitation
DMitral stenosis
EVentricular dilation
A 60-year-old male presents with palpitations. He reports drinking many glasses of wine over several hours at a family wedding the previous evening. An EKG reveals absent P waves and irregularly irregular rhythm. He does not take any medications. Which is most likely responsible for the patient’s symptoms?
ATransmural myocardial infarction
BUntreated hypertension
CVentricular hypertrophy
DTorsades de pointes
EAtrial fibrillation
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