A 70-year-old man with a long-standing history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension presents with complaints of constant wrist and shoulder pain. Currently, the patient undergoes hemodialysis 2 to 3 times a week and is on the transplant list for a kidney. The patient denies any recent traumas. Which of the following proteins is likely to be increased in his plasma, causing the patient’s late complaints?
AAmyloid precursor protein
BAmyloid A (AA)
Cβ2-microglobulin
DTransthyretin (TTR)
EIg light chains
A 45-year-old man is brought to the hospital by his daughter with complaints of wide-based gait. His daughter reveals that he was sitting silently in the examination chair with a blank face. In addition, he was frequently talking to the empty chairs and told that his friends are sitting there. He has been forgetting many small things recently. On physical examination, fine movements are seen at resting condition that disappears when he is asked to drink water. A stepwise slowness in movement is also seen in his upper limb. Which of the following is most likely to be observed in the histological specimen of this patient?
ASpongiform changes in cortex
BNeuritic plaques in cortex
CLewy bodies in affected neurons
DTau protein aggregates in cortex
ENeurofibrillary tangles in hippocampus
A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room by her husband for “weird behavior" for the past several weeks. He reports that her right arm has been moving uncontrollably in a writhing movement and that she has been especially irritable. She has a history of depression, which was diagnosed 4 years ago and is currently being treated with sertraline. She denies any recent fever, trauma, infections, travel, weakness, or sensory changes. She was adopted so is unsure of her family history. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for her symptoms?
AFrontotemporal lobe degeneration
BPresence of misfolded proteins in the brain
CDevelopment of intracellular eosinophilic inclusions
DCAG triplet expansion on chromosome 4
EGAA triplet expansion on chromosome 9
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