A vaccination campaign designed to increase the uptake of HPV vaccine was instituted in chosen counties of a certain state in order to educate parents not only about the disease itself, but also about why children should be vaccinated against this viral sexually transmitted disease. At the end of the campaign, children living in counties in which it was conducted were 3 times more likely to receive the HPV vaccine compared with children living in counties where no campaign was instituted. As well, after evaluating only the counties that were part of the vaccination campaign, the researchers found that families with higher incomes were 2 times more likely to vaccinate their children against HPV compared with families with lower incomes. What conclusion can be drawn from these results?
AFamily income appears to be an effect modifier.
BThe vaccination campaign appears to have been ineffective.
CThe vaccination campaign is the study outcome.
DThe vaccine uptake is the study exposure.
EFamily income appears to be a confounder.
An 18-year-old woman presents for a routine check-up. She is a college student with no complaints. She has a 2 pack-year history of smoking and consumes alcohol occasionally. Her sexual debut was at 15 years of age and has had 2 sexual partners. She takes oral contraceptives and uses barrier contraception. Her family history is significant for cervical cancer in her aunt. Which of the following statements regarding cervical cancer screening in this patient is correct?
AThe patient requires annual Pap testing due to her family history of cervical cancer.
BHPV testing is more preferable than Pap testing in sexually active women under 21 years of age.
CIt is reasonable to start Pap-test screening at the current visit and repeat it every 3 years.
DThe patient should undergo screening every 3 years after she turns 21 years of age.
EThe patient does not require Pap testing as long as she uses barrier contraception.
A 12-year-old girl presents to her primary care physician for a well-child visit. She has a history of asthma and uses her inhaler 1-2 times per week when she exercises. She does not smoke and is not currently sexually active; however, she does have a boyfriend. She lives with her mother in an apartment and is doing well in school. Her temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 124/75 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a healthy young girl with no findings. Which of the following is most appropriate for this patient at this time?
APelvic examination
BSerum lipids and cholesterol
CHPV vaccine
DHypertension screening
EHuman papilloma virus PCR
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