A 71-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well. He goes for a 30-minute walk three times a week and does not experience any shortness of breath or chest or leg pain on exertion. He has not had any weakness, numbness, or vision disturbance. He has diabetes that is well controlled with insulin injections. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes every day for 40 years but quit 5 years ago. He appears healthy and well nourished. His temperature is 36.3°C (97.3°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 136/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows normal heart sounds. There are systolic bruits over the neck bilaterally. Physical and neurologic examinations show no other abnormalities. Fasting serum studies show: Total cholesterol 210 mg/dL HDL cholesterol 28 mg/dL LDL cholesterol 154 mg/dL Triglycerides 140 mg/dL Glucose 102 mg/dL Duplex ultrasonography of the carotid arteries shows a 85% stenosis on the left and a 55% stenosis on the right side. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
ACarotid artery stenting
BAspirin therapy only
CBilateral carotid endarterectomy
DLeft carotid endarterectomy
An obese 37-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 2 hours after the onset of weakness in her left arm and leg. She fell from the stairs the day prior but did not have any loss of consciousness or nausea after the fall. She travels to Asia regularly on business; her last trip was 4 days ago. She has no history of serious illness. Her only medication is an oral contraceptive. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 113/min and regular, and blood pressure is 162/90 mm Hg. Examination shows decreased muscle strength on the left side. Deep tendon reflexes are 4+ on the left. Babinski sign is present on the left. The right lower leg is swollen, erythematous, and tender to palpation. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?
AAtrial fibrillation
BPatent foramen ovale
CAtrial myxoma
DVentricular septal defect
ECarotid artery dissection
A 20-year-old man presents to the doctor's office for advice on improving his health. He admits to eating mostly junk food, and he knows that he should lose some weight. His daily physical activity is limited to walking around the college campus between classes. Except for an occasional headache for which he takes acetaminophen, he has no health concerns and takes no other medications. He denies smoking and illicit drug use, but admits to occasional beer binge drinking on weekends. He is sexually active with his current girlfriend and regularly uses condoms. His mother has type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, while his father has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The pulse is 74/min, the respiratory rate is 16/min, and the blood pressure is 130/76 mm Hg. The body mass index (BMI) is 29 kg/m2. Physical examination reveals an overweight young male, and the rest is otherwise unremarkable. The routine lab test results are as follows: Serum Glucose (fasting) 100 mg/dL Serum Electrolytes: Sodium 141 mEq/L Potassium 4.0 mEq/L Chloride 100 mEq/L Cholesterol, total 190 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 42 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 70 mg/dL Triglycerides 184 mg/dL Urinalysis: Glucose Negative Ketones Negative Leukocytes Negative Nitrites Negative RBCs Negative Casts Negative Which of the following lifestyle changes would most likely benefit this patient the most?
AA low sodium diet
BStarting a multivitamin
CIncreasing daily water intake
DWeight reduction
EIncreasing dietary fiber
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