The surgical equipment used during a craniectomy is sterilized using pressurized steam at 121°C for 15 minutes. Reuse of these instruments can cause transmission of which of the following pathogens?
ANon-enveloped viruses
BSporulating bacteria
CPrions
DEnveloped viruses
EYeasts
A 62-year-old woman is hospitalized for an open reduction of a fracture of her right femur following a motor vehicle accident 2 hours prior. She has had rheumatoid arthritis for 12 years. She was hospitalized 1 month ago for an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis. Since then, she has been taking a higher dose of prednisone to control the flare. Her other medications include calcium supplements, methotrexate, and etanercept. She has had appropriate nutrition over the years with regular follow-ups with her healthcare providers. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiovascular examination shows no abnormalities. In order to reduce the risk of post-operative wound failure, which of the following is the most appropriate modification in this patient’s drug regimen?
AReplacing prednisone with hydrocortisone
BApplying topical vitamin C
CAdding zinc supplementation
DDiscontinuing steroids before surgery
EIncreasing prednisone dose initially and tapering rapidly after 3 days
A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound to his chest. The wound is treated in the emergency room. Three months later he develops a firm 4 x 3 cm nodular mass with intact epithelium over the site of the chest wound. On local examination, the scar is firm, non-tender, and there is no erythema. The mass is excised and microscopic examination reveals fibroblasts with plentiful collagen. Which of the following processes is most likely related to the series of events mentioned above?
ADevelopment of a fibrosarcoma
BForeign body response from suturing
CStaphylococcal wound infection
DPoor wound healing from diabetes mellitus
EKeloid scar formation
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