A 4-week-old infant is brought to the emergency department by his parents with violent vomiting. It started about 3 days ago and has slowly gotten worse. He vomits after most feedings but seems to keep some formula down. His mother notes that he is eager to feed between episodes and seems to be putting on weight. Other than an uncomplicated course of chlamydia conjunctivitis, the infant has been healthy. He was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. The physical exam is significant for a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant. What is the first-line confirmatory diagnostic test and associated finding?
AAbdominal ultrasound; elongated pyloric channel and muscle hypertrophy
BBarium upper GI series; GE junction and portion of the stomach in thorax
CAir enema; filling defect and coil spring sign
DBarium upper GI series; bird beak sign and corkscrewing
EAbdominal X-ray; ‘double bubble’ sign
A 7-month-old boy is brought to the ED by his mother because of abdominal pain. Two weeks ago, she noticed he had a fever and looser stools, but both resolved after a few days. One week ago, he began to experience periodic episodes during which he would curl up into a ball, scream, and cry. The episodes lasted a few minutes, and were occasionally followed by vomiting. Between events, he was completely normal. She says the episodes have become more frequent over time, and this morning, she noticed blood in his diaper. In the ED, his vitals are within normal ranges, and his physical exam is normal. After confirming the diagnosis with an abdominal ultrasound, what is the next step in management?
ASupportive care
BBroad-spectrum antibiotics
CAir contrast enema
DAbdominal laparotomy
EAbdominal CT scan
A 47-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. The patient states that she felt this pain come on during dinner last night. Since then, she has felt bloated, constipated, and has been vomiting. Her current medications include metformin, insulin, levothyroxine, and ibuprofen. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 139/79 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient appears uncomfortable. Abdominal exam is notable for hypoactive bowel sounds, abdominal distension, and diffuse tenderness in all four quadrants. Cardiac and pulmonary exams are within normal limits. Which of the following is the best next step in management?
AMetoclopramide
BNasogastric tube, NPO, and IV fluids
CStool guaiac
DEmergency surgery
EIV antibiotics and steroids
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