Which of the following physiologic changes decreases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?
AInhaling the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
BExhaling the entire vital capacity (VC)
CExhaling the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
DBreath holding maneuver at functional residual capacity (FRC)
EInhaling the entire vital capacity (VC)
A 57-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease has been brought to the emergency department due to the sudden onset of chest pain. He was diagnosed with hypertension 12 years ago and takes enalapril regularly. The patient is hypotensive to 70/42 mm Hg, and on further examination his skin is cold and clammy. He is diagnosed with a life-threatening condition that resulted from inadequate circulation of blood, with decreased cardiac output and high pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Which of the conditions below can cause the same disorder? I. Acute myocardial infarction II. Atrial fibrillation III. Hemorrhage IV. Valvular stenosis V. Pulmonary embolism VI. Sepsis
AI, II, IV
BI, II, IV, V
CI, IV, VI
DI, II, III
EI, IV, V
An 83-year-old male presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and a chest radiograph demonstrating pulmonary edema. A diagnosis of congestive heart failure is considered. The following clinical measurements are obtained: 100 bpm heart rate, 0.2 mL O2/mL systemic blood arterial oxygen content, 0.1 mL O2/mL pulmonary arterial oxygen content, and 400 mL O2/min oxygen consumption. Using the above information, which of the following values represents this patient's cardiac stroke volume?
A30 mL/beat
B70 mL/beat
C40 mL/beat
D60 mL/beat
E50 mL/beat
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