An investigator is studying the clearance of respiratory particles in healthy non-smokers. An aerosol containing radio-labeled particles that are small enough to reach the alveoli is administered to the subjects via a non-rebreather mask. A gamma scanner is then used to evaluate the rate of particle clearance from the lungs. The primary mechanism of particle clearance most likely involves which of the following cell types?
AGoblet cells
BMacrophages
CClub cells
DType I pneumocytes
ENeutrophils
Thirty minutes after delivery, a 1780-g (3-lb 15-oz) male newborn develops respiratory distress. He was born at 30 weeks' gestation via vaginal delivery. His temperature is 36.8C (98.2F), pulse is 140/min, respirations are 64/min, and blood pressure is 61/32 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 90%. Examination shows pale extremities. Grunting and moderate subcostal retractions are present. Pulmonary examination shows decreased breath sounds bilaterally. Supplemental oxygen is administered. Ten minutes later, his pulse is 148/min and respirations are 66/min. Pulse oximetry on 60% oxygen shows an oxygen saturation of 90%. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
AMeconium aspiration syndrome
BTracheomalacia
CTracheoesophageal fistula
DNeonatal pneumonia
ERespiratory distress syndrome
A P2G1 diabetic woman is at risk of delivering at 29 weeks gestation. Her obstetrician counsels her that there is a risk the baby could have significant pulmonary distress after it is born. However, she states she will give the mother corticosteroids, which will help prevent this from occurring. Additionally, the obstetrician states she will perform a test on the amniotic fluid which will indicate the likelihood of the infant being affected by this syndrome. Which of the following ratios would be most predictive of the infant having pulmonary distress?
Alecithin:phosphatidylserine < 1.5
Blecithin:sphingomyelin < 1.5
Clecithin:sphingomyelin > 1.5
Dlecithin:phosphatidylserine > 3.0
Elecithin:sphingomyelin > 3.0
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