During a nerve conduction study, which of the following ions is primarily responsible for the rapid upstroke of the action potential?
ACalcium
BSodium
CChloride
DPotassium
A 59-year-old woman is scheduled to undergo a right hip total arthroplasty for severe hip osteoarthritis that has failed conservative management. She has never had surgery before. She has a history of major depressive disorder and takes sertraline daily and ibuprofen occasionally for pain. Her mother died of breast cancer and her father died from a myocardial infarction. She has a brother who had an adverse reaction following anesthesia, but she does not know details of the event. In the operating room, the anesthesiologist administers isoflurane and succinylcholine. Two minutes later, the patient develops hypercarbia and hypertonicity of her bilateral upper and lower extremities. Her temperature is 103.7°F (39.8°C), blood pressure is 155/95 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 20/min. A medication with which of the following mechanisms of action is most strongly indicated for this patient?
AMuscarinic antagonist
BAntihistamine
CRyanodine receptor antagonist
DCholinesterase inhibitor
EDopamine receptor agonist
A 46-year-old man presents after he accidentally got splashed with a liquid insecticide that was stored in a bucket in the storeroom one hour ago. He says that he can’t stop coughing and is having problems breathing. He also says he has a pain in his thighs which is unbearable, and his vision is blurry. His temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), the pulse is 130/min, the blood pressure is 144/92 mm Hg, and the respiratory rate is 20/min. On physical examination, the patient shows mild generalized pallor, moderate respiratory distress, excessive salivation, and diaphoresis. Cough is non-productive. Pupils are constricted (pinpoint). The cardiopulmonary exam reveals bilateral crepitus. The patient is administered atropine and pralidoxime, which help improve his symptoms. Which of the following is most likely to improve in this patient with the administration of atropine?
AMuscle cramps
BHypertension
CTachycardia
DBronchospasm
EPallor
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