In your peripheral tissues and lungs, carbonic anhydrase works to control the equilibrium between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid in order to maintain proper blood pH. Through which mechanism does carbonic anhydrase exert its influence on reaction kinetics?
AChanges the delta G of the reaction
BLowers the free energy of products
CRaises the activation energy
DLowers the activation energy
ELowers the free energy of reactants
A 72-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter because he was found to have decreased alertness that has gotten progressively worse. Three weeks ago he was diagnosed with an infection and given an antibiotic, though his daughter does not remember what drug was prescribed. His medical history is also significant for benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension, for which he was prescribed tamsulosin, a thiazide, and an ACE inhibitor. He has not sustained any trauma recently, and no wounds are apparent. On presentation, he is found to be confused. Labs are obtained with the following results: Serum: Na+: 135 mEq/L BUN: 52 mg/dL Creatinine: 2.1 mg/dL Urine: Osmolality: 548 mOsm/kg Na+: 13 mEq/L Creatinine: 32 mg/dL Which of the following etiologies would be most likely given this patient's presentation?
AForgetting to take tamsulosin
BOverdiuresis by thiazides
CToxic reaction to antibiotic
DAllergic reaction to antibiotic
EHemorrhage
A 66-year-old man with congestive heart failure presents to the emergency department complaining of worsening shortness of breath. These symptoms have worsened over the last 3 days. He has a blood pressure of 126/85 mm Hg and heart rate of 82/min. Physical examination is notable for bibasilar crackles. A chest X-ray reveals bilateral pulmonary edema. His current medications include metoprolol succinate and captopril. You wish to add an additional medication targeted towards his symptoms. Of the following, which statement is correct regarding loop diuretics?
ALoop diuretics can cause metabolic acidosis
BLoop diuretics can cause ammonia toxicity
CLoop diuretics can cause hyperlipidemia
DLoop diuretics decrease sodium, magnesium, and chloride but increase calcium
ELoop diuretics inhibit the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter
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